Confucius Goes on and on About ‘Humanity’ Essay

‘Humanity’ and ‘filial piety’ are probably the most important believes that Confucius had; he uses these two words more than any other words in ‘The Analects of Confucius’. Among many other things Confucius had mentioned, ‘humanity’ is the central thought of Confucianism that Confucius had believed everything starts from the ‘humanity’. ‘Humanity’ in a Chinese character means a combination of human and number two, which means how you should treat others when there are two or more people. It can be a relationship between husband and wife, sisters, brothers, and friends. Confucius basically wanted people to treat others with a love and treat others like you want others to treat you. Although, the most important thing is how you treat your parents. Confucius points out the importance of ‘filial piety’ by saying the root of ‘humanity’ is ‘filial piety’. â€Å"A man who respects his parents and his elders would hardly be inclined to defy his superiors. To respect parents and elders is the root of humanity†. (1. 2) In Confucianism, ‘filial piety’ is a fundamental moral standard and furthermore the most important teaching from Confucius. However, the definition of ‘filial piety’ is not just how you take care of your parents such as feeding them but you have to show your parents a respect and also show them a good attitudes. (2. 7, 2. 8) To practice ‘filial piety’ towards one’s parent s, you also do not want to give any anxiety to your parents. It also means that you do not want to harm your body even including your hair (this is why people at the time did not cut their hairs for their whole life) because your body is what your parents had given to you. ‘Filial piety’ is not only important when parents are alive but also important after their parents had passed away that they have to do the memorial ceremony for their ancestors with a respect like ancestors are still alive. Confucius mentions about the elders whenever he mentions about ‘Filial piety’, he believes that you do not only show respect to your parents but also to other people who are at your parents’ age. As grown up in the culture where there are still many elderly people believe in Confucianism, showing respect to people who are older than you is important especially to people who are at your parents’ age because they are also someone’s parents and you want your parents to treated as you treat others’ parents. In conclusion, ‘humanity’ is the central thought of Confucianism. ‘Filial piety’ is what Confucius had thought most important factor of ‘humanity’. ‘Filial piety means how you show a respect to your parents but it also indicates how you respect your leaders and show an honor to your country. Confucius points out ‘filial piety’ is a fundamental of love others, respecting your leaders and show an honor to your country, so basically Confucius had though ‘filial piety’ is the root of ‘humanity’.

Acct451 Week 3

Companies Should not be Held Liable for Losses Sustained in a Successful Attack Made on Their AIS by Outside Sources. ACCT451 2013 I argue against the statement† Companies should not be held liable for losses sustained in a successful attack made on their AIS by outside sources. † There are several reasons for my contention. The Accounting Information Systems has been used by businesses to improve their recording, processing, and reporting of accounting information.At the same time it is the responsibility of the companies to adequately protect their information systems from outside sources. Since, the company benefits and consequently profits from the use of accounting information system, it should bear the losses that arise from attacks on the accounting information system. The argument in favor of the contention is that the accounting information system not only processes financial transactions to provide internal reports to managers but also does external reporting to outside parties such as stockowners, government and lenders.Since, it is essential that the accounting information system should be accessed by outsiders the system is particularly vulnerable to outside attacks (1). Still the onus of the security of its accounting information system clearly lies with the company and not with anyone else. It is a part of the business risk of a company. Consider the following example, a company maintains five distribution centers throughout the country. Each of these distribution centers may be attacked by robbers and looted. Who bears the loss?It is part of the business risk. The company cannot refuse to bear the losses. Similarly, if a company truck carrying goods to or from the company premises is attacked by robbers and is plundered, the company is responsible for the loss. It is another matter that the company may take out an insurance and the insurance company makes good the losses. However, the fact remains that the company pays premium for in surance and had there been no insurance, the company would have been forced to pay for the losses (2).The current accounting information systems bring tremendous benefits to companies. These generate several types of useful reports for the company, the company does not have to employ clerks to manually process accounting data, with a touch of a button information is generated, there are tremendous savings in costs, there is automatic payment and generation of important accounting documents, and there is efficiency in processing information. These benefits reduce costs for the companies and improve efficiency but come at a cost.One of the elements of the cost is that the accounting information system may be attacked from outside sources. Since the company enjoys these benefits, it must suffer the costs ( loss because of outside attack). A firm whose warehouses get destroyed by hurricanes do not absolve themselves of their losses because the hurricane is an outside source. Similarly, during war the premises of a firm may get bombed or hit by a missile, yet the company has to bear the loss (3). If an accounting information system is hit by outside sources there is a danger of fraud, virus attacks, or hackers.These risks have to be borne by the business as a part of its normal business risks. Further it is the responsibility of the company to maintain the highest level of security for its accounting information system. The physical security should be fool proof, authentication system should be the most advanced, virus protection should be the latest, and backup should be done at a safe place outside the premises. Such measures are required to ensure that attacks on the accounting information system like identity theft and loss of irreplaceable data do not take place.There are some institutions that are particularly vulnerable to outside attacks. For instance, the banks are vulnerable to outside attacks where the attackers seek to pilfer money using confidential in formation. In such cases, higher levels of authentication, and information security should be used. The fact that banks and financial institutions provide accounting information system based services, is a source of profits, these institutions are responsible for losses sustained by them (4).One of the most important features of most accounting information systems is the controls over the system and the security measures that the company implements If the company is not held responsible for the losses sustained by it because of outside attacks the company will avoid its responsibility for controls and security. It is also important that the quality of software used, the backup of data, and the people who are authorized to access the accounting information system are checked and tested.If the company is not held responsible for losses because of outside attacks the company will become lax in its essential functions related to the accounting information system. References: (1)Accounti ng Information Systems, Ulric J. Gelinas, Richard B. Dull E8 Cengage Learning, 2009 (2)Accounting Information Systems James A. Hall E6, Cengage Learning, 2008 (3)Accounting Information Systems Marshall B. Romney, Paul John Steinbart E10, Prentice Hall, 2005 (4)Information System Management, Ankita Bansal, Gyan Publishing House, 2002

Characteristics of a Good Research Problem

A research problem is a statement that provides the context for a research study.As stated by Brewer & Hughes, (2005).â€Å"Research problems indicate gaps in the scope or the certainty of our knowledge† (Brewer & Hughes, 2005, p. 39).They point to problematic phenomena, observed events that are puzzling in terms of our currently accepted ideas, or current ideas that are challenged by new hypotheses (Dissertation Mentoring Services, 2013).The research problem is the start of bringing to light and introducing the problem that the research will conclude with an answer. Further, according to Ellis and Levy (2008) the research problem is the initial phase in the scientific method. The methodology that is utilized should be applicable for the problem that guides the research. The methodology yields the outcomes of the study, which in turn produces the support required to facilitate the findings (Ellis & Levy, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of a r esearch problem.The focus is on the elements of what constitutes a researchable problem, the components of a well formed Statement of Research Problem, as well as what constitutes a reasonable theoretical framework for the need of the study. As stated by Leedy and Ormrod, (2005) â€Å"The research problem is the axis around which the whole research effort revolves (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005, p. 49). † Viable research cannot be deemed important without a well-defined understanding of why the research has been performed. There are several components that make research of noteworthy importance, such as the research needs to be researchable and manageable in size.Other characteristics include the degree of how the research will influence future research and other researchers by whether or not the findings will make a contribution to the body of knowledge, the explanation of the data and make a difference for others (Dissertation101 Mentoring Services, 2013). Influence of the researc h. Good research should advance the field in which it is geared toward as well as build on the current body of available research. The impact does not have to be huge, but it must be identifiable. The study should reveal how the researcher intends to take a different viewpoint and or direction.According to Leedy and Ormrod (2010) the research should direct the philosophy in different perceptions, as well as inspire further research to be conducted as it relates to the topic (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010). The advancement should reflect how the new methodologies will be used, along with the other current work, to help to better come to a conclusion in order to solve the problem (Brewer & Hunter, 2006). The problem is researchable and manageable in size. It is imperative to select a topic that is doable and that will allow many opportunities to conduct adequate primary research.Limitations such as the availability of answers should also be considered when thinking of a research problem. Addit ionally, time and expenses are of concern. Considering how long it will take to conduct the research is important as is whether or not the researcher has enough background knowledge to carry out the research, which may cause delays. The budget is a major factor and taking into consideration the kinds of tasks that will be needed, any paid assistants, specialized equipment, or software that needs to be created and/or acquired will help in estimating the amount of funds that will be needed to conduct the research.Explanation of the dataSince research requires data, it is important during the planning that the researcher analyzes beforehand whether or not any data related to the research problem can be produced. If not, then the research problem and the question may need to be changed. The decision of whether to use qualitative or quantitative data is important and based on the type of research. Once the data has been collected, the researcher must have a way to communicate the results .The data must be organized in a way that it merges the existing data with the new data to determine the quality based on the guidelines for collecting the data. Components of a Statement of Research Problem Essentially, the problem statement provides the basis for the research. The statement of the research problem reflects the general concern that leads to the specific problem and must be factual and clearly stated. Accordingly, it must be a brief precise description, which sets the premise for the problem to be studied.It distinguishes and states the underlying problems, if any and outlines the hypotheses, along with the research questions (Dissertation101 Mentoring Services, 2013). Precise, factual and clearly stated. Researcher seek to answer a question or to find a solution to a problem. Providing factual information to introduce the problem will change the perspective of what people think or know about the problem. As well the research should speak to the literature that is p revalent and to what is missing from this literature.Therefore, a statement of the problem needs to be precisely stated in one or two sentences that outlines the problem of the research. The statement of the problem should also address the question (Levy & Ellis, 2008). As stated by Levy and Ellis, (2008) â€Å"The problem statement is the statement of the problem and the argumentation for its viability. It should address all six questions, what, how, where, when, why, and who (Levy & Ellis, 2008, p. 27)†. Underlying sub-problems.Often times, research problems are too significant or very complicated be solved without breaking them down into smaller parts. The parts of the big problem are known as the sub-problems. The sub-problems make up a researchable component that will form together to equal the summation of the main problem. Division of the main problem is the fourth characteristic of formal research (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). Presenting a hypothesis or research questions. The researcher must prepare a hypothesis related to the expectations what will be true of the results and conclusions of the study.The research problem, the goals, and the associated research questions and/or hypotheses are entwined in that a research goal is the main focus of the research that will be used to speak to the problem. Additionally, research questions help to simplify the goals into definite questions that the researcher would like answered (Creswell, 2005). According to Leedy and Ormrod (2005) by obtaining the answers to the research questions, the goals of the research will be satisfied and an impact regarding solving the problem has been made (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005).There has to be a recognizable association between the answers to the research questions and the research problem motivating the study (Ellis & Levy, 2008). A Problem Statement is based on a thorough review of the relevant literature and ongoing research. As stated by Leedy and Ormrod, (2005) â€Å"one es sential strategy is to find out what things are already known about your topic of interest; little can be gained by reinventing the wheel (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005, p. 51). † This provides the basis for a theoretical framework for the foundations and worthiness of the research problem.Theoretical Framework for the StudyTheoretical framework is the theory which enlightens and expounds the problem to be researched. The theory will also be used to observe the results. New theories solve research problems by explaining inexplicable occurrences and by overriding the uncertainty of older theories. The current theory directs researchers in creating and communicating research problems. In determining whether and in what respects a theory is problematic, researchers consider the context of accrued theoretical and experimental knowledge.The theories that appear to be challenging when observed in that context are then researched (Ellis & Levy, 2008). While the findings of research may be u nexpected, the research itself is planned. It is grounded in a theory. There should be a theoretical connection between the problem guiding the research and the research that is being directed to speak to that problem (Ellis & Levy, 2008).ConclusionA research problem statement is a concise description of a problem or challenge that does not currently have an adequate solution available, therefore, making it worthy of research. A problem statement refers to an issue that is focused on by the topic. It is, in essence, a situation that is in need of a solution. A well communicated problem drives the research. A statement of the research problem must be specific but brief and not something that refers to an isolated occurrence.It must be researchable and manageable while addressing the sub-problems and creating a hypothesis and research questions. The statement of the problem should introduce how the research develops from previous theory and how it may be able to add to the development of new theory in which to make advancements, realizing that ultimately, the purpose of research is to add to the knowledge of how the world operates in our quest to improve and expand our understanding.

Olympic Games in London 2012 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Olympic Games in London 2012 - Term Paper Example LOCOG has conducted a number of pilot tests prior to the official launch of the event and those were focused to ensure that the general public transport and working routine does not get affected by the event. For this purpose walking tracks have been established that would lead to the sports park and would avoid large lanes of traffic in form of visitors visiting the place. Manuals and city maps are being spread online and at the local level. The Daily Telegraph reported a large number of bookings from the visitors in advance who are bound to visit the city during the event. For the entire purpose London Transport Plan ( 2nd edition) was released in 2009 which took into consideration factors like passengers routes, visitors stay, businesses and motels handling and all other factors that were necessary to be taken into account (LOCOG, 2010). The entire project was split into various sections that lasted for a particular period.Between 2007 and 2011 the development process was named as â€Å"Building the stage† which included establishing the infrastructure of the entire event taking into consideration all the variables involved. (LOCOG, 2012) while the second part (2011 onwards plan) constituted the final touches and enabling the successful organization of the event. The internal environment includes the gigantic sports stadium arena termed the Sports park can accommodate over 80 thousand spectators at one time. It is the first Olympic even that will be HD-TV supported. It has a separate broadcast center that will have the capacity for over 20 thousand media representatives. For ensuring error proof performance and event organization, a number of pilot events were organized in a bid to analyze the level of preparation. The management team needs to facilitate not just the organizers and media person but the athletes as well. For this purpose effective strategy has been devised that will meet the needs. The Risk factor consideration is also taken into account and impact of various issues on the mega event. LOCOG board has established a panel for this purpose that involves the active participation of senior management for mitigating the risks.

Fair or unfair Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fair or unfair - Case Study Example Monitoring employees for the time spent off tasks without being informed, creates more conflicts because employees are also human beings and they get sick or family emergencies. Employees should be informed so that they are aware of all the consequences of every action committed. The most effective way of improving this policy would be to inform of the monitoring process. As an employee, I am obligated to follow the rules stipulated by the company in which I work. It is a fair policy to have company computers and email accounts monitored. It is not surprising to see some employees using emails and computers at work for inappropriate activities such as watching movies and gossiping on face book. Tracking employee activity on comp-any computers is the only effective way of ensuring that everyone works and harassment of clients or employees does not take place. Implementing email policies and company computers that protect the privacy of employees, clients and business interests is critical for all companies (Paschal, Stone and Stone-Romero 503). As a Quality Textbook Inc sales representative, in a demanding job, it is only appropriate that the company implements a policy that is fair. Having a car and a phone tracked during the work hours is appropriate, but after work hours is an unfair move. According to Cain’s message in the podcast, embracing technology also means that we embrace the idea of being tracked. I agree that tracking of the car and phones to avoid violation of company rules and wastage of resources such as fuel is appropriate, but the problem is tracking employees during their non-work hours. If employees are to be monitored and tracked, it should be done the right way, which does not infringe on their privacy (McNall and Stanton 230). Since it is vital to track employees for this company, a revision of this policy would be appropriate. The policy should include options where employees have the ability

Discuss the importance of racialized space Annotated Bibliography

Discuss the importance of racialized space - Annotated Bibliography Example Both space and racialized space are very powerful in shaping the society. This paper highlights on importance of race, space and racialized space. It also explores on other related questions. First and foremost, racialized space as theoretical and practical tool is very instrumental to examination of racialization of various cities in the United States. Racialization is part of everyone’s life after being inscribed in space. In is noteworthy that racial system of privilege and oppression have always included perceptions of space, however, they vary in significantly in varied eras. In the United States of America, particularly in Virginia before racilaization of slaves, African slaves and English indentured servants stayed in same quarters and performed similar duties (Barot & Bird, 2001). The African slaves and the American could also intermarry as a result of race and space. The development of racial chattels was aimed at compelling the colonial rulers to segregate African slaves and English servants. Generally, the separation was social, economic, and legal. The plantations in the late 17th century limited the extent of the spatial separation of the races. One o f the most important instances as witnessed during this period was that plantation system was the intimate physical space that the slave masters shared with the enslaved. According to Virginia slave ordinance, demanded that slaves who were manumitted to leave the state (Eduardo, 1997). This was a tacit recognition that freed blacks living in the plantation which would be detrimental to slavery. Secondly, geographic separation of Native Americans from whites was an instrumental process in seizing native peoples’ lands and converting them to private property and United States territory. This separation was encoded in the policy of the US following the passage of the Indian removal Act in 1830. This creation of geographic

The Colonialism Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Colonialism - Article Example The first wave of colonialism occurred in the early 15th century beginning with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 by the Portuguese and lasted until the early 19th century. The final events of the first wave of colonialism involved the invasion of Algeria by the French. The first wave of colonialism mainly involved the colonization of the Americas by the Europeans and partly involved the creation of European colonies in the in Maritime Southeast Asia and India. The first wave of colonialism occurred during the Age of Discovery. During the first wave of colonialism, the interests of the Europeans in West Africa were primarily focused on the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. The second wave of colonialism marked the major phase of European colonization and was fundamentally focused on colonizing Africa and Asia. It is referred to as the New Imperialism. The traditional African view of time is two-dimensional. In the category of potential or inevitable time, the most significant issue is that according to the traditional concepts, time as a phenomenon has the long past, the present and virtually no future. For the traditional African view, the time has to be experienced for it to make some sense. What is the future as per the African concept has not been experienced and thus cannot make part of the time? Neo-colonialism is the use of political and economic power and other forms of control by the former colonial masters to influence and interfere with the affairs of the former sovereign colonies.

Civil Engineering Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Civil Engineering Contract - Essay Example A hard worker and someone who is always striving to improve himself, I want to be of value to the organization I choose to work for and prove that I am an asset worth investing in. Accordingly, I am greatly interested in contractual matters since they form the basis of any commercial or professional partnership. I am also greatly interested in risk management, cost escalation, and conflict resolution. As a civil engineer, I would like to go beyond the developmental parameters of a given project and ensure that the projects I undertake proceed smoothly. I feel passionate about this career and also want to be a part of the decision makers within my organization. Eventually, I hope to be a Senior Contract Manager and believe that a specialization in civil engineering contracts will give me the tools I need to attain this goal. As a Senior Contract Manager, I hope to be able to take a holistic approach to project management and understand the various dynamics at play. I believe that this requires not only technical insight but also a firm understanding and appreciation of contractual matters. My interest in risk management, risk mitigation, and conflict resolution demonstrate my passion in this particular field. This is why I have chosen to be an expert on the contractual negotiations of civil engineering. Loyalty: I am an incredibly loyal person and dedicated employee. When I believe in something, I stick to it. For me, my loyalty to an organization does not waiver and I put the interests of my company at the forefront. I am pleased to report that loyalty is one of my biggest strengths and is something that I take with me wherever I go. People Skills: I have excellent communication and human interaction skills.  

Reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Reflective paper - Essay Example Pieces of art communicate to the art lovers in different ways but a precise knowledge of the gender of the artist would shed some light on what they wanted to put across. Through art, men could express appreciation of the female figure or shape as well as exploitation of the same while feminists have used art to their advantage to express woman power and their solidarity as women. Gender difference means that gender constitutes a system of meanings consisting two exclusive and opposite categories, which encompass all people. Gender has its basis on cultural interpretations of existing biological differences between men and women and not so much as the differences that exist biologically per se. Gender difference is represented in the physiological features and the appeal that revealing of body parts by women has to men even in advertisement (Leder & Geger et al. 2-10). The man is represented with a flat burst while that of women is protruding in form of breasts. The physical features themselves show a clear difference between the masculine and the feminine. The muscle in the forearms suggests masculinity while curves and hips suggest femininity. Human beings are sensate beings and our interpretation of the world is through our senses (Leder & Geger et al. 2-10). Gender and family are very significant determinants of the physical as well as social environments represented in art. The physical constructions order as well as direct activities, feelings of identity, and relationships in very profound ways. These quite different construct types share a unique mutually determinant relationship with one another. At any specific time in history, ideas concerning family and gender are used in art to determine the physical location and design of open places, places of work, and dwellings including other designed settings. It is these environments that eventually reinforce and support the ideas of gender in art that were used to generate them.

Pfizer Macroeconomics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pfizer Macroeconomics - Term Paper Example Unemployment is also another macroeconomic variable that affect the company’s’ supply and demand. When the percentage of the unemployed is high, the market for medicines is low. This is because the unemployed will prefer buying the cheaper and the local medicines that are available in their location. Thus, unemployment leads to low sales in Pfizer pharmaceuticals (Gupta, 2004). Inflation also has affected the supply and demand of Pfizer pharmaceuticals. This happens when the economies of the countries that the firm supplies its products grows and pushes all prices significantly over a particular time above the actual utility value of goods and services. When there is cost-push inflation, the company is forced to pass the cost to the consumers leading to increased prices. The result from the cost-pull inflation is that there is low demand for our products and usually our competitors take advantage of the situation. Also, interest rate is another variable that affect the demand and supply of our medicines. When the interest rate is high in a particular country the demand tend to be low as the cost of obtaining credit is high. This hinders those people who want to start chemists business to not demand our products as they cannot access funds to boost their purchasing ability (Barro, 2007). The chart shows data during a period of five years. When the GDP of France is high it is evident that the unemployment rate is low. Thus, the Pfizer get to make more sales as the demand is high. When the interest rate is high the demand of the product tends to reduce (Marthinsen, 2014). In conclusion, the observation that I make from the movement of microeconomics variables in the Pfizer’s pharmaceuticals is that they affect the supply and demand of the company’s product. A variable like the inflation tend to increase the price of the drugs in the market. This is evident due to an abrupt growth of a country GDP which makes the

The Anatomy of Evil Essay Example for Free

The Anatomy of Evil Essay In his Vessels of Evil, Laurence Thomas contends that the insane can do no evil (p. 98). Thomass view about the relationship between evil and insanity is common among laypeople, psychiatrists and philosophers. In this section I consider whether the insane are precluded from evildoing. Part of the problem in assessing the claim that the insane can do no evil, is that it is not always clear to whom we are referring by the term ‘insane’. According to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, the insane are people who are in a state of mind that precludes normal perception, behavior, and ordinary social interaction; they are mad, psychotic or mentally ill. However, by ‘insane’ Thomas and others who argue that the insane can do no evil cannot mean anyone with a mental illness (i. e. anyone with a disorder listed in the DSM-IV), for there is no reason to hold that e. g. individuals suffering from Obsessive-Compulsive disorder or from spider phobias cannot do evil. More than likely those who argue that the insane can do no evil mean something closer to the legal notion of insanity according to which the insane are those who, â€Å"at the time of act[ing], . [are] laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act [they are] doing; or if [they do] know it, [they do] not know [they are] doing what [is] wrong† (Clark and Fin, p. 210). This is the content of the famous McNaughtan Rules which have come to dominate the common law on the defense of insanity. However, one problem with the legal notion of insanity is that it is not always clear who is able to ascertain the nature and quality of their actions or to tell that what they are doing is wrong. Also, it isnt clear that the legally insane will always be precluded from evildoing. In what follows I consider the relationship between various mental illnesses, legal insanity and our ability to do evil. I argue that the Desire Account of Evil provides a natural demarcation between those mental illnesses that preclude us from evildoing and those that do not. I contend that the legal notion of insanity is a less accurate guide. People suffering from delusions or psychoses are unable to see the world correctly or to draw reasonable inferences from their perceptions (APA, pp. 273-281). They are like the citizen of Usville who cannot be expected to believe anything other than that the Notlikeuses are hostile vampires from another planet. Like the citizen of Usville, delusional or psychotic schizophrenics do not have e-desire sets because they have good reasons for their false beliefs about the worthiness of the goals for which they desire harm or about the significance of the harm they desire. Thus, people who cause others significant harm because of delusions or psychosis resulting from their mental illnesses do not do evil for two reasons: they do not do evil because their actions do not follow from e-desire sets and they do not do evil because they are not moral agents. Besides schizophrenia, other disorders such as Schizoaffective Disorder, Delusional Disorder, Brief Psychotic Disorder, Dementia, Manic depression, etc. can involve psychotic or delusional episodes where a patient may perform actions causing great harm to others because their mental illness causes them to believe that the goal for which they cause the harm is justified or that the harm they cause is insignificant (APA, pp. 273-315). In all of these cases no evil has been performed according to my account of evil. Also, people committing crimes under delusions or psychoses are often deemed legally insane by jurists and judges, for if we commit a crime because of delusions or psychoses we do not know the nature or quality of our actions. For instance, in 1843, Richard Dadd was deemed legally insane and thus acquitted of the brutal murder of his father because he had the delusional belief that his father was the devil. In fact, almost all cases of legal insanity involve mental illnesses that include delusions or psychosis (Cleckley, pp. 514-527). People with dissociative identity disorder have two or more distinct identities or personality states. Usually there is a primary identity which uses the name of the individual who hosts the identities. This identity is typically passive, dependent, guilty and depressed. Alternate identities, on the other hand, typically have personalities that contrast with the primary identity, e. g. they are hostile, controlling, aggressive, and lack remorse. Individuals with dissociative Identity Disorder experience alternate identities taking control in sequence, often denying knowledge of their actions to the other identities including the primary identity (APA, p. 84). It is reasonable for the courts to excuse individuals with dissociative identity disorder for their wrongdoing on the basis of insanity because the primary identities in these cases are often not aware of the nature or quality of the wrongful acts caused by their more aggressive identities, and the court cannot split the guilty identities from the innocent ones for the purpose of punishment. I also think that those who intentionally cause or witness someone elses significant harm from an e-desire set as an alternate identity have not committed evil. For in these cases the primary identity does not intentionally cause or witness someone elses significant or serious harm from an e-desire set, the alternate identity does. Thus, it is the alternate identity who acts evilly and not the primary identity. We must judge each identity and her actions independently. Perhaps the most famous and controversial cluster of mental disorders that can lead to significant harm are the antisocial personalities disorders. According to the DSMIV persons diagnosed with antisocial personalities must be at least 18 years old; display a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others since age 15; have displayed evidence of conduct disorder since before age 15; and have at least three of the following seven traits: (1) failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest, (2) deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, uses of aliases or conning others for personal profit or pleasure, (3) impulsivity or failure to plan ahead, (4) irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults, (5) reckless disregard for the safety of self or others, (6) consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations, and (7) lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another (Ibid, pp. 646-650). Cleckley argues that psychopaths are not responsible for their actions because they often act against their own self-interest and are therefore irrationa1. For instance, psychopaths often appear to be hopelessly impulsive, and committing crimes they are sure to be incarcerated for just hours after they are released from wards they claim to detest. However, others, such as Vinit Haksar, argue that we can only judge the psychopaths seemingly irrational impulsivity as counter to his self-interest if we assume he has values roughly the same as ours. But, Haksar claims, we should not make this assumption since psychopaths may simply value committing spontaneous antisocial acts very highly, and value things that the rest of us value highly (e. g. relationships, careers, freedom) relatively low or only as a means to carry out antisocial activities. Generally, psychopaths are thought to be criminally responsible for their actions and are tried for their crimes since they do not suffer from delusions or psychoses of any kind and they reason well enough. When psychopaths commit crimes they know they are breaking societal norms and thus they seem to pass the McNaughtan test for legal sanity. However, some, such as Antony Duff, have argued that psychopaths are so emotionally and morally deficient that they cannot understand the emotional and moral significance of matters such as death, love, friendship and career for others, and so, they cannot understand how they provide reasons for acting and for judgment (Duff, p. 193). Thus, psychopaths do not truly understand the nature and quality of their actions since they lack the basic values and emotional capacity required for understanding morality. Duff concludes that psychopaths should be considered legally insane and not criminally responsible. Besides discussing the relationship between various mental illnesses and evildoing, I have also argued that we cannot equate those whose mental illnesses preclude them from evildoing with the legally insane. One reason we cannot equate these two groups is that it is sufficient for legal insanity that we are unable to know whether our actions are wrong, while this condition is irrelevant to whether our act is evil Another reason we may not be able to equate those whose mental illnesses preclude them from evildoing with the legally insane is that we may be required to have a greater understanding of the nature of our actions to be criminally responsible than we do to be evil That is, if Duff is right that psychopaths are so emotionally deficient that they cannot sufficiently understand the nature and quality of their actions for legal sanity, then we need a better understanding of the nature and quality of our actions to be criminally responsible than we do to be capable of evil I do not argue one way or the other about whether Duff is correct in his insistence that legal sanity requires an emotional understanding of the nature of our actions. Instead, I argue that, regardless of the condi tions required for legal sanity, for evil we must only have the perceptual, cognitive and deliberative capacities required for moral agency and for recognizing that we intentionally cause or witness someone elses significant or serious harm.

Chapter 5&6 Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

Chapter 56 Kite Runner Essay 1. Describe what happened to Amir and Hassan on their way to go and play by the tree. Assef and his two friends, Wali and Kamal first threw a rock and hit Hassan in the back of the head. Amir was instantly scared since Assef and his two friends are the neighborhood bullies. Assef calls the boys fags and starts calling Hassan racial slurs and flat-nose. Amir is excluded from most of the abuse because Baba is his father. Hassan moves slightly behind Amir as if he was expecting Amir to protect him in some way, but Amir doesn’t. Assef tells the boys how the king is now gone and the president is now Daoud Khan, a friend of his father. He plans on telling the president â€Å"man to man† how he believes Hitler was a great leader, a man with a vision, and how if he had succeeded the world would be a better place. Assef tells the boys how people like Amir and Baba are a disgrace to Afghanistan by taking in people like Hassan and his father. He asks Amir how he could be friends with someone like Hassan. Amir doesn’t defend Hassan. Hassan ends up taking out his slingshot and aiming a rock at Assef’s face even though he is scared. He asks Assef to please leave them alone even referring to him as Agha, the way a servant refers to his betters. Assef attempts to further intimidate Hassan but it doesn’t work. Hassan asks again for him to please leave them alone with the same response from Assef. Hassan then threatens Assef that if he does not leave them alone his nick name could change from â€Å"the ear eater† to â€Å"one –eyed Assef†. It works and the boys are left alone after Assef lets the boys know that he will not forget what has happened and will make them face him face to face someday. 2. Describe Assef’s character and his beliefs. Assef is the son of one of Baba’s friends. He is from an affluent family. His mother is German and his father Afghan. Assef towered over the neighborhood kids and was blonde haired and blue eyed. He had earned a reputation for being savage. Assef was famous for using his stainless-steel brass knuckles. He walked the streets of the neighborhood with his two sidekicks as if he  owned them. All three were eager to find a victim for their savagery. He was called â€Å"the ear eater† behind his back; no one was brave enough to call him that to his face. A nickname he earned due to a fight over a kite. Assef is a sociopath. He talks about Hitler as a man of vision and if he had not been stopped the world would have been a better place. He believes that Afghanistan belongs to the Pashtuns and that the Hazaras are polluting his land, that they are dirtying their pure blood. He want’s Afghanistan to be cleansed of the Hazaras in the way Hitler attempted race purificatio n. 3. Explain what happened between Amir and Hassan one day while they were waiting to capture their falling kite. Both Amir and Hassan were running down their kite. Amir was following Hassan through the narrow streets. Hassan a natural athlete was a bit faster than Amir. Amir thinks they are losing the kite because they are going in the opposite direction of the kite but Hassan tells him to trust him and continues running. When Amir catches up with Hassan he is sitting under a tree eating a handful of dried berries and asks him to have a seat. Amir still is questioning what Amir is doing just sitting there in the opposite direction that the kite went. Hassan calmly tells him that the kite is coming, he just knows. When Amir continues to question Hassan he replies, â€Å"Would I ever lie to you?† Amir knows that Hassan wouldn’t but instead of appreciating that he decides to toy with him instead and asks him if he would. Hassan replies, â€Å"I’d sooner eat dirt.† Amir admits that he knows it’s cruel, I think he wants to prove to himself that his father was wrong when he says that Amir doesn’t have a mean streak. Amir questions Hassan by asking him again if he would eat dirt if he told him to. Hassan tells him yes if he asked he would eat dirt as he looked Amir right in the eye. It seems they are testing each other’s loyalty and in my opinion Hassan wins. He is always loyal to Amir regardless of the situation. 4. Describe the relationship between Amir and Hassan. Amir and Hassan are friends even though Amir will not admit it to himself or others. They have been raised together since birth and have a connection to  one another. Hassan loves Amir. He is protective and supportive of him. He encourages him in his interests in stories. Hassan seems content with his life and his place in the world. He has learned from his father to be a kind person. Amir seems to enjoy the attention Hassan pays him and even takes for granted their relationship. Amir seems to be jealous of Hassan and the type of person he is and will knowingly be cruel to him. He doesn’t like to share Baba’s attention with him nor does he like it when Hassan does things unknowingly to remind him of their differences. For example the incident while they were waiting for the kite, knowingly tests Hassan’s loyalty to him. I think Amir can tell Hassan is a better person despite being an uneducated servant who clearly has the approval and love of both Baba and Ali without having to earn it.

New Zealand Gym Business Analysis

New Zealand Gym Business Analysis Answer 1.1) As from the case study we know that Pro Fit is an organisation in the New Zealand which is the fitness gym. Its main business is to give the training to the masses which go there to make their body physically fit and they are doing really good job. The main objective of their success is their service which they are giving to their customers like the regular cleaning of the gym is done. The trainers in the gym are very cooperative with the customers and give full necessary knowledge about each exercise and each move. The Pro fit is expanding their business day by day and the masses which have used the Pro Fit once they will never go for other one because they are providing the new technology of machines by which the peoples can have the result of exercise in their body. Moreover the councils of every areas have also check the safety of all the equipment and they have given the A+ grade to all the branches which makes the faith of the customers. In today new era is having a great competition in fitness industry and so it is very hard to maintain the customer loyalty. Like after some time the peoples change their gym and join new on where they get best deals. In order to make new customers the organisation is providing combo deals and family packages. The members which are already have join this organisation the trainer have built a personal relationship with them and offer benefit which they are getting from their gym that they should not leave or change the gym. The Pro Fit have maintain their status in the market by giving the best customer service by every staff member because if they will fulfil the needs of the present customers then they will give positive feedback to their known once which result that new persons will be attracted towards the gym. Moreover the organisation also have organised a weekly trail for new customers to show them their standard of service that in which way they will fulfil the requirements. Like in todays modern era every organisation know that without the promotion no business can be run so the Pro Fit also do their promotion by giving pamphlets in public area and advertise in newspaper. The organisation has launched the free cards for one person with each person entry and special vouchers for customers to attract them more. The organisation also has use the social media for promotion by organising page with their name and by app also. (insight) (training) Answer 1.2) Needs: the Pro Fit is running their business on good level but they want to generate new more customers because their goals is to be unique from other competitors. So they have decided to expand their goals by upgrading or adding new into old once. They just make the necessary changes to have more and more customers and the changes are done by customers expectations. Demand : The New Zealand is a very good country in which every person is very serious about their body posture so they do a lot of exercises. By this interest of the peoples there are so many companies who are running their business by opening fitness centres from different franchises. By This interest the PRO FIT also give their best to fulfil all the demands of customers by performing several methods. Market: As more and more peoples of different age group want to make their body fit. And the Pro Fit makes different strategies to have more and more customers to grow their company in market. Like they are give discounts on payments and give gift vouchers to the customers. Marketing mix: It is known as business tool because it is used by the marketers in marketing to give their best in the market. And in this four things are there which the marketer focus to sell their products in market are price , product, promotion and place. So the Pro Fit also have used all four of them like they first arrange the price according to the customers need that how much they can pay easily and they keep below to the other fitness centres for making place in market. The equipments in the gym are good up to dated technology which is attracting the people. They also used several ways to promote their business in the market by advertisement in television and newspapers. Moreover they have open their branches in that areas where every common man can go easily in daily busy life to do exercise. Promotion: As every business need the suitable promotion to be on a good level and so the Pro Fit also decided to promote their business by television and newspaper. They give pamphlets also in public areas. By this promotion they tell everyone why they are different and better from the other one . Moreover they give information about their offers and deals. Public relation: It is define as the connection between the person as seller or service man and customers. As in the Pro Fit the trainer talk with the customers with friendly nature which makes a very good bond between them by which the customer will not be bored in the gym and did not want company of any friend if it is not there. Service: The staff in an organisation plays a very important role for success because if the staff will give good service to the customers then only more and more customers will come. So the Pro Fit is also giving the best service by which the customers get attached to the trainer and the other working staff by which they will not change the gym in coming time. ADVERTISE: As every organisation is advertising their organisation by several methods like by social media , television and radio. They give the information about deals and offers. They also show their status by showing the video or pictures of organisation by which the local peoples get know about it. (mind tools) (wiki) Answer 1.3) Range of marketing media advantages disadvantages Radio There are so many peoples who dont like to watch or other social media and they just like to hear radio. For this kind of peoples the advertisement for Pro Fit by radio will be good. By radio the persons who are travelling from one place to another they can also have the information by listening radio in car. The disadvantage of advertisement by radio is that the peoples cannot watch the advertisement and sometimes the peoples do not get the proper information by just listening. Television The todays modern era is spending their some of the hours from daily routine life to watch television. So this mode of advertisement will be effective for doing promotion of Pro Fit and by this the peoples can have a view of gym prom inside. They can also see the functioning of the equipments and can be attracted to join fast. The disadvantage of doing advertisement by this method is that this is too much expensive and it can increase the budget of advertisement. Media print advertisement In this mode the advertisement can be done by giving adds in newspapers by which every person can be ready and the pamphlets in the public areas also can be distributed. The disadvantage of this style will be that some of the people do not read newspaper. The people are not much informed by this mode so they loss their interest. Media print editorial In this the people can be informed by giving information about Pro Fit in magazines by giving pictures of the peoples who are doing their exercises in gym. Moreover the feedbacks from the customers will be also there which will motivate the new customers. The promotion by this method will be little much expensive. And some of the masses do not have habit of reading the all magazines. Brochures The brochures can be send to the people by which the they can read the benefits of Pro Fit and the information for joining and contact can also be get. The brochures can also be send with letters to the common peoples home by this they will read them also. In this method the brochures will work effectively if they are handed to every customer and in doing this a lot of time will be taken. Sometime people are busy in their daily life so they do not have enough time to read. Tele marketing Now a days every organisation is using this method to do promotion and Pro Fit will also be promoted by Tele marketing because by this method the more interactive and personal sale service will be given to the customers and by this the technical issues will also be cleared. The telemarketing can replace a sales team in organisation which could leads to negative feeling among employees. Public relationship The importance of public relationship is that by this the organisation can hold the customers for long time in a single gym. And can have a good bond between staff and customers. In public relationship the message from sender sometimes not be cleared to the other receiver. Answer 1.4 Service Market strategy Target audience Training and dance activities The perfect training will be giving to the every person regarding their health and any other issue. To be different from other organisation the Pro Fit will also organise dance classes also by which exercise will also be continue and the masses not be bored from the gym. Age between 5 to 24 Aerobics Programmes/or seminars With the gym exercise this extra service will also be provided by another specialist coach which will helps in decreasing weight. More and more new customers will also be attracted towards it. Age between 25 to 38 Meditation and yoga classes The Pro Fit have research that how they can make fit to the older age peoples and they have organised a meditation and yoga classes which the older age people can make their body disease free. Age between 39 to 60 (advertisemnt ) Answer 1.5 Service : The Pro Fit staff is well trained in their respective field so they will give good customer service by which more and more new customers will come. The staff will also give proper training to the regarding the exercise so the people can get change in their body in short interval of time. Moreover the staff will be friendly with customers by which they can make bond with them by which they can solve the customer problem without any hesitation. Price : The Pro Fit have first researched the market that how they can give best price to their customers by which they can beat the competition. So they have decided to make 80 $ per person for month which is cheaper then other organisations. Further they have also decided to give family package by which the whole family can have proper gym in less money. Promotional strategies : The Pro Fit have decided to do the promotion by several methods by using the social media and television. Moreover they have decided to organise seminars by which they peoples can be attracted towards their gym. And they given add in newspapers and magazines by which they people who are not using the social media would also be know about their gym. Distribution : For the distribution of the Pro Fit they have plans like they will arrange a team for promotion only and make all efforts to increase their business. Task 2 2.1 Answer: The needs and wants of the consumers is satisfying known as marketing. Consumers have funds to buy the products or service and marketing characteristic are important to fulfil the consumer needs. Brand of organisation Competition Good environment of the business Pro Fit is a organisation in market of fitness centres which gives the training to their customers to make their body physically fit. In the market of New Zealand so many organisations are running their business in the field of fitness centres and due to that the competition is very high. Pro Fit is a organisation which is giving their best to be different from other once and they give so many special offers to attract the customers. The Pro Fit is the fitness centre which is giving a very good service to their customers. The equipments in the gym are very well organised and the areas in the gym are neat and clean. As so many companies are there in the market and the organisation in competition are Jetts , City fitness, Physical Club. (small business) Answer 2.2 Offered services : The jets, city fitness and physical club are the organisation which are running their business but from so many years they just on same level on which they have started their business because they are not giving the good service to their customers. But the Pro Fit is giving better from them by fulfilling the customer needs and guide them in well manner. Prices : The competitive organisation in the market are charging 100$ per month from their customers but the Pro Fit is charging 80 $ per month and giving the best service by which the customers can do exercise in well manner. Promotion for Pro Fit: As every business needs the promotion and it plays a very crucial role in organisations success. The competitor organisations are not doing a lot of efforts in promoting their business but Pro Fit is doing by social media, television and so many other mood of advertisements to get more and more customers. Answer 2.3 Internal : It is the factors or changes which are done inside the organisation and these factors can be for upgrade the organisation standard. External: It may be explained that the things which are happening outside the organisation. social: The masses come to a place and be together have talk or gossiping with each other by this they get in contact with people and can spend their time in gym. So by this the Pro Fit have become a source of socialisation in todays busy era. Culture : The Pro Fit have three branches in different locations of Auckland and as you know New Zealand is a multicultural country so peoples from different community come to the gym and get interacted by each other so in this way they get know about different cultures of the peoples from other countries. Technology: The every customer want the new thing or which are different from other once so in giving something different to the customers the technology play a very crucial role. In Pro Fit also the equipments with new technology attract the customers and by that they can do exercise in well organised way which will help them to have better result in their body. Economic : Its is very important part because the person is to be economically good if they want to run business and if any new technology comes in the market to buy that also the money is needed. Regulatory : As anybody wants to run a business in correct method then it is very important to follow rules and regulation which are provided by NEW Zealand government. And the Pro Fit also have to follow the rules like they have to pass the safety test of the equipments in the gym. Demographic : It is very important to keep this in mind while opening the business selection of the place is very important ,so Pro Fit also have target the most common place like Auckland city where most of the people will go for gym. Competitive : This condition is that when number of companies are running their business in same field then they have competition between them. And to win this competition the organisations are fulfilling the demands of the customers. Pro Fit also give new technology equipments and facilities which will impress the customers. Answer 2.4 Advantages 1 ) The Pro Fit is charging less then other once as in other organisations they are charging more and plus they are charging 70 to 90$ as giving trainer. 2) As the organisation are giving the training for the exercise by the trainers only but the Pro Fit is the only organisation in which a lot of the exercises are done by new technology equipment. Disadvantage As the other competitive organisations have their branches in the whole New Zealand but the Pro Fit have just three branches in Auckland region. The Pro Fit do not give membership cards or VIP cards to their customers. (competition) Answer 2.5) After the research it is cleared that the Pro Fit have to increase their branches in the country and they staff have to improve their customer service by which the new customers will be satisfy with the staff service. The locker rooms and the areas inside the gyms have to be cleaned every day by which the customers can feel good. Moreover the gyms will be going to open for 24 hours by which every person can go when every they get time. Task 3 Answer 3.1) According to the chart for the customers satisfaction we know about the different things which are to be improved for the customers. Like the instructors are use very well method for the exercise by which the percentage goes to a very good level. The customer needs for the equipments in gym is also fulfilled because there are variety of machines. A little bit of customers are not happy with the gym cleanliness and the equipments condition. The gym organisers have to open the gym for 24 hours by which the customers can come in their free time. Moreover the staff have to improve their customer service and they have to be available at every time by which the customers can have their help. Answer 3.2) The objective for having the survey is to have the customers views about their organisation by which they can make suitable changes in their organisation. By survey the organisation can make their future better by fulfilling the needs. The organisation have the survey and find out the problematic areas on which they have to focus on. And they know about the present stage of their company. Answer 3.3) The both the charts explains the needs of the customers that why they want to join the gym and which things they want in gym. Most of the people go gym to maintain their physical fitness of the body and weight loss in good environment and with new technology equipments. A less number of peoples are going to enhance their sports performance. Some of the people just want to build their body to look good. Moreover most of the people look at the fee of the gym and some just want to have personal trainer. Answer3.4) The actual need that we can say it is when we need just thing which is general and the perceived need can be define as thing with something special or extra. Physical fitness and medical reasons can be considered as actual needs while socialization is perceived. Task 4 Answer 4.1) executive summary The main motive of this report is that how the whole marketing plan for Pro Fit will be generated. This report tells how the Pro Fit is running their business and it explains the needs of the customers. By that needs this also tells which things are to be changed to run this business and achieve all the goals. Current marketing : The Pro Fit is a organization which gives training to people to be physically fit. They are having three different locations in Auckland region. The Pro Fit is not just targeting on 16 to 28 age groups, they have planned for 5 to 24 years masses and some type of special exercise and diet plan for 25 to 38 aged peoples. Moreover they have decided to give special yoga and meditation classes for old aged peoples. They are providing the safely using equipments and makes the customers comfortable by music. And increase the socialization. Market strategies : The Pro Fit have decided to make the promotion by various ways like by using the social media and television. They will use the radio to because people listen mostly by traveling. Moreover they will also give pamphlets in public areas. Action program : The action programs may be like that dance classes for child. Further yoga and meditation classes also be provide to older age people. And to do all that new staff would be used which will be professionally trained. They will identify the problems and give suitable suggestions for it. Implementation : The equipment in the gyms will be provided which will works well and they will be updated. The staff is also be well trained which will guide the customers in correct method. Recommendation: It is very important to good customer service to the customers. The fee or price for the gym also be affordable to everyone. They have to open the gym 24 hours. Hire the HR manger which will look after all the business and make the suitable changes which are needed. Conclusion: As by this full report the Pro Fit knows there current position in market so to improve that they have to use suitable marketing strategies and plans by which they can have more and more customers. They also have to make some changes like improve the customer service to be on good place in coming years. advertisemnt . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.salesforce.com/au/form/semfy17/crm-marketing-demo-social-studio.jsp?d=70130000000NL28AAGls=PPClssm=Productlss=SFDCPPC.View%20De competition. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://gymsales.net/?gclid=CjwKEAjwltC9BRDRvMfD2N66nlISJACq8591FGGuC1cr4yXzBYtdmKk-OwE82aRUUVKqIH0thuVCqRoC1mjw_wcB insight. (n.d.). Retrieved from insight gym service: https://blog.gyminsight.com/1873-what-is-gym-customer-service/ mind tools. (n.d.). Retrieved from tools: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_94.htm small business. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/characteristics-market-segments-target-markets-22601.html training. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://f45training.co.nz/become-a-franchisee/?country=NZsource=adwords-searchnetwork=gdevice=ckeyword=%2Bgym%20%2Bbusinessgc wiki. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising

Everest :: Essays Papers

Everest Mount Everest, the world’s highest point at 29,035 feet, is a special trophy among high altitude mountaineers. Standing atop the world’s highest point a hypoxic climber clad in a fluorescent down suit is above everything else on the planet, for a moment that individual can reach farther into the sky than any other. Arms raised in a victorious salute, a climber feels like they have conquered something that few others ever have, and justifiably so. The summit is usually the final fruition of months, sometimes years of planning, weeks of travel and acclimatization, and days of endless plodding at a feeble, learning-to-walk pace. Climbers who have devoted years to the sport may never have a chance at Everest, yet it seems that those with the monetary means can get to the top, not through years of preparing, but by the simple addition of a signature to a check. Those without the experience somehow make up for their lack of skills by paying others to cover their shortcomings, in preparing everything from travel and logistics, to providing gear, food, accommodations, and a support team. The clients of guided trips can go so far as to have a mountain professional literally lead the way, every step, to the top. A major problem with the amateurs on Everest is the inherent need for a guide to the summit. In a high altitude alpine setting one person’s skills or experience should not be used as coverage for a lack in another’s. Being literally led by hand along a lofty snow-ridge, towards the summit, and then back down again, is no way to climb, descend or spend any amount of time on a mountain. Guiding, although a monetarily lucrative business, and possibly fine at lower altitudes, is not responsible in a high altitude mountaineering setting. In a May 23rd, 1996 Outside Magazine online chat with Jon Krakauer, a client on a guided expedition and the to-be author of Into Thin Air, an account of the 1996 Everest disaster, expressed his feelings about guiding on Everest. He agreed with a contributor that guides on Everest are bound to their clients and actually are paid to take care of them. He also contributed that, although he was an extremely accomplished climber, he would never consider guiding, if only for the fact that he wouldn’t â€Å"want (his) life to be determined by some guy tripping over his crampons and pulling (him) off (the mountain).

The Holy Virgin Mary :: essays research papers

What a sensation was made about the Sensation exhibition in the Brooklyn Museum of Art. The focus of Mayor Giuliani’s outcry was the piece â€Å"The Holy Virgin Mary† by Chris Ofili. Funny, he didn’t give attention to some of the other outrageous works including the pubescent female mannequins studded with erect penises, vaginas, and anuses, fused together in various postures of sexual coupling, or the portrait of a child molester and murder made from what appears like child hand prints or bisected animals in plexiglass tanks full of formaldehyde. Would it ever have made headlines with a different title, like â€Å"Afro-lady†? I don’t think so. I guess targeting religion gets a little too personal. Giuliani said, â€Å"You don’t have the right to government subsidy for desecrating somebody else’s religion. If you are a government-subsidized enterprise, then you can’t do things that desecrate the most personal and deeply held vi ews of people in society.† You would think that the government paid these artists, right? It turns out that the show consisted of Charles Saatchi’s privately owned collection VIEWED in a public museum. So what does that mean to you? Well, when I found out that tidbit of information, it didn’t seem so offensive anymore. Taxpayers didn’t pay these young British artists to create controversial pieces. Taxpayers fund the museum itself to stay open. Museums have a variety of exhibitions all year. What is wrong with having one displaying a private collection? This is a common thing with museums. Otherwise, how would the public ever get to view extensive artistic compilations of the wealthy? Some collections are beautiful, others perturbing. But, who draws this line? Who gets to decide? The individual. If you do not want to submit your eyes to horrendous, offensive creations, then don’t! It’s interesting to note what happened to the art world after Duchamp revolutionized art into meaninglessness. Artists seem to be exempt from the moral laws that are binding to ordinary people. Everything is O.K. under art’s magic umbrella: rotting corpses with snails crawling over them, kicking little girls in the head, rape and murder recreations, women defecating. Where does it stop? What is art and what is porn? What is art and what is disgusting? Where is the line? There isn’t one anymore. The effect of Duchamp’s pranks was to point out that anything could be art. All it took was getting people to agree to call something art.

Prostitution in the Victorian Era Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Prostitution in the Victorian Era There were many prostitutes during the Victorian era. Most were lower-class women, with the exception of the mistresses kept by upper-class men. According to Victorian standards, respectable women did not consider sexual intercourse pleasurable. It was their duty to be intimate with their husbands. Having affairs was disgraceful (Waters). Prostitutes, on the other hand, were sexually intimate with men because they enjoyed sex. Men enjoyed prostitutes because they could not enjoy their wives. Victorian femininity was not defined by sexual pleasure, while Victorian masculinity was defined by sexual pleasure and conquest.    Prostitutes did not necessarily â€Å"enjoy† their sexual encounters with men, as Victorians tended to believe. Prostitution was their survival. Lower-class women did not become prostitutes because they wanted to. They became prostitutes because they had no alternate choice for survival. There were few options that allowed women to live off her own income instead of her family’s income, and once she e...

Math Checkup Unit

Circle the letter of your answer(s) and explain your choice(s). B. D. The slope is a. Point-slope form b. Slope-intercept form 5. What is the slope off line that is perpendicular to [pick]? Show your work. Answer: A line perpendicular to Hopi]x would have a slope that's the reciprocal of the slope to Hopi]x. So the answer is [pick]. 6. Write the equation off line passing through (0,6) and parallel to the line [pick]. Arctic]x+6 7.Which of the following tables of values could have been generated by a linear function? How do you know? I-I II 1-5 1-7 1-9 1-11 110 115 Table A is a linear function, since it has an even distribution in both its x and y values. Table B is NOT a linear function, since it doesn't have an even distribution in its y values. Table C is a linear function, since it has an even distribution in both its x and y values. 8. For each table in #7 that could have been generated by a linear function, calculate the slope of the line produced by that function. The rise over run formula [pick] shows the slope of a function table.Table A has a slope of -2. Table C has a slope of O. 9. The cost of hosting a dinner in a particular restaurant is given by y = 18. Xx + 250, where x is the number of people at the dinner and y is dollars. What is the slope of this function? What does it mean in the context of the problem? The slope is 18. 5. It meaner that each person that attends costs $18. 50. 10. The cost of hosting a dinner in a particular restaurant is given by y = 18. Xx + 250, where x is the number of people at the dinner and y is dollars. What is the y- intercept of this function? What does it mean in the context of the problem?The y-intercept is 250. This meaner that you must pay $250 BEFORE you pay for each guest's meal. 1 1 . Write the equation of the line that is parallel to the x-axis and goes through the 12. Does the point (2,6) lie on the line that connects (IA) and (03)? Explain. The equation for the slope of (1 A) and (03) is rug+3. Just plug (2,6) into the equation: 6=2+3? NO. So, no. (2,6) does not lie in the line that connects (1 A) and (03). 13. Which of the following pairs of lines are perpendicular? How do you know? Perpendicular? A. [pick and [pick] No. Their slopes are NOT negative reciprocals. B. [pick] and [pick] Yes.Their slopes are negative reciprocals. And [pick] No. Their slopes are NOT negative reciprocals. C. [pick] 14. Jeremy uses the linear function G = ah + 50 to represent the grade, G (in points out of 100), that he can earn on an exam as a function of h, the number of hours he spends studying for the exam. A. Identify the slope and y-intercept of Jersey's function and explain what they mean in the context of the problem. The slope is 12 and the y-intercept is 50. This meaner that Jersey's score, if he didn't study, would be 50. However, for every hour he studies, his score will go up 12 points. . If Jeremy spends 3 hours studying for the exam, what grade does he expect to earn? Show your work. Jeremy can expect to earn 86 points on the test if he studies for 3 hours. C. How many hours should Jeremy study if he wants to earn a perfect score on the exam? Show your work. 100= +50 ah h = 4 hours, 10 minutes. – up, where p is the price in dollars of the product and D is the number of products that can be sold at that price. A. What does the slope of this function mean in the context of the problem? The slope shows that for each dollar the price increases, two less items will be sold. . What price should be set in order to sell 75 items? Show your work. UP = 25 p = $12. 50 The price should be set as $12. 50 to sell 75 items. 75 = 100 16. Temperature may be given in degrees Celsius or in degrees Fahrenheit. The freezing point of water is 32(F or O(C. The boiling point of water is 212(F or OHIO(C. A. Write the equation of a line that shows the relationship between degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius. B. What is the temperature in Fahrenheit when it is ICC? C. What is the temp erature in Celsius when it is OFF? 6. 1 Celsius 17.Write at least three different expressions that mean â€Å"slope. † 62. 6 Fahrenheit 18. In order to write the equation off line, what two pieces of information do you need? (Hint: there may be more than one answer to this question. ) You must know both the slope and y-intercept to write the equation of a line. The number of soccer balls produced. A. What is the slope of this equation and what does it represent in the context of the problem? The slope is 7, and that meaner each soccer ball costs $7. B. What is the y-intercept of this equation and what does it represent in the intent of the problem?

Diversity in instructional methods toward meaningful learning Essay

Abstract There is diversity in instructional methods that teachers can use to bring about meaningful learning. This paper discusses five of them; namely integrated inquiry approach, 5-model of inquiry, the jig-sawing approach, role playing and WebQuest. These instructional methods are learner centered methods that consider prior knowledge, attitude and skills and promote development of new knowledge and relate them to a variety of contexts. All of them also deal with real-life situations that essentially develop interpersonal relationships, problem-solving skills and content-knowledge among others. The teachers’ tasks are to plan and carry out efficiently the instructional designs to have meaningful learning among diverse learners, instructional methods and learning environments. Diversity in Instructional Methods Toward Meaningful Learning Diversity is an essential ingredient of success of all ventures in life including education. There are different kinds of learners as there are teachers, instructional methods and learning environments; but there is only one goal in education and this is for an effective and meaningful learning. Teachers should set environments for students so they could think critically and independently and relate new knowledge learned with a variety of contexts for meaningful learning. It is the task of the teachers to match the learners, the learning environments, the knowledge to be learned and the instructional methods. Learning meaningfully means that learners relate new knowledge to what they already know. Meaningful learning is non-arbitrary, non-verbatim, substantive deliberate effort to link new knowledge with higher order concepts in cognitive structures. It is a learning related to experiences with events or objects and affective commitment to relate new knowledge with prior learning. The diverse instructional designs towards meaningful learning should identify outcomes, guide the development of instruction content and establish its effectiveness. Efforts to consider meaningful learning in the different stages of instructional design are essential. Gagne et al. (1992) identified the different stages of instructional designs as: defining instructional goals; conducting instructional analysis; identifying entry behaviours and learner characteristics; developing performance objectives; selecting an instructional method; assembling instructional materials and planning formative and summative evaluations. He and his colleagues further cited that current educational theory and researches support the use of instructional methods that make students active learners. Among the diverse instructional methods available to teachers to explore and use, the commonly utilized approach towards construction of new knowledge meaningfully are the problem –based learning and inquiry approach, cooperative learning, and technology strategies. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, but when used effectively can maximize learning. Problem-Based and Inquiry Approach Students in the problem-based and learning inquiry approach engage in meaningful learning through being actively involved in their own learning and reconstructing these based on their experiences. They further participate in active investigation, more of integrating knowledge rather than separating them so that deep understanding develop from acquisition of new facts. In this method, students are given relevant problems by teachers which inquiry must be done. The general steps in this inquiry approach are: identifying the problems, gathering of data, organizing the data in attempt to analyse the problems and analyses of the strategies to use to solve the problems. Integrated Inquiry In the Integrated Inquiry planning process, a model of inquiry approach developed by K. Murdoch, sequences of activities and experiences are developed to build on and challenge student perceptions. These sequences begin with students’ prior knowledge and experiences and move through deliberate processes wherein that knowledge is extended, challenged and refined. Students have their own prior experiences that they bring to their classes and teachers should be aware of how to address this situation. Activities and learning experiences in this model are grouped as: tuning on, finding out, sorting out, going further, making conclusions and taking actions (Murdoch, 1999). Furthermore, planning for assessment is a very important element of planning for Integrated Inquiry. Murdoch (1999) highlights the need for the collection and analysis of information about what and the how students have learned. The assessment in the Integrated Inquiry model is to determine how to improve student learning as these new information help teachers modify their plans of work to suit the needs of the learners. Students’ involvement in planning for assessment as in selecting responses to particular learning experiences and designing demonstrations of understanding are highly encouraged. Therefore, teachers are also tasked to identify and design learning experiences that will provide information for assessment purposes. The strengths of this model are focussed on assessment of learning in context and encouraging a variety of demonstrations of understanding based on the learning experiences that students undertake. Learners that may benefit most from this Integrated Inquiry Approach are those capable of setting goals in their own learning and significantly contribute in determining how assessment could be effectively done. 5-E Model In the book â€Å"Activities for Teaching Science as Inquiry† by Carin, Bass & Contant (2005) many laboratory investigations were cited as inquiry approach to learning. They focused on the 5-E Instructional Model with the five main components identified as Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration and Evaluation. Each of these components is learner-centred. This investigatory method maybe time and resource consuming but it allows the learners to develop critical thinking and problem solving skills experientially. The use of this method is not limited to teaching sciences, which are considered to be not very easy subjects. This experiential learning brings more opportunities for learners to bring forth better understanding and longer retention of knowledge learned. Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning is an instructional method that takes place in a small group of learners of different levels of ability and in environments of responsibility not only for their own understanding of the subject but also for his co-learners. It brings more meaning to learning because it provides shared cognitive sets of information between students, motivating them to learn the materials, ensuring that they construct their own knowledge, providing formative feedback, developing social and group skills necessary for success outside the classroom. Cooperative leaning promotes learning and academic achievement, increases retention and satisfaction with their learning experiences among students, helps develop skills in oral communication, social skills, promotes student self-esteem and fosters mutual responsibility. Although this method helps students learn to be more patient, less critical and more compassionate, some students may find difficulty with this method. Students who work alone find difficulty in sharing answers while aggressive students will tend to take over and brighter students to act superior to the rest. Teachers who will employ cooperative should prepare their students how to work in groups for this method to be successful. Jig Sawing Approach The â€Å"Jig Sawing† Approach is a cooperative learning strategy wherein students becomes an â€Å"expert† in a particular area, then shares his or her learning knowledge with other members of the group that eventually all members of the group learn the concepts. In the Modified Jigsaw, the class is divided into equal expert groups, with each of these groups working on isolated portions of the activity. Once each expert group has completed the tasks, they report their findings as group to the class. Group report allows for greater flexibility in student presentation style and prevents the possibility of unintentionally misrepresentation of information (Beaudrie et al. 1998). This method best suits heterogenous learners across disciplines. It provides opportunities for learners to show various competencies. Moreover, students are more comfortable to exchange ideas with their co-learners because of their dynamic open relationship. Role playing Another instructional method of interest is role playing. It also deals with solving problems but through actions. In role playing, problems are identified, explored through actions and discussed. The students input in their role playing their prior knowledge, values and attitudes. A role-playing strategy seems to work best when there are multiple correct approaches to solving problems. It encourages thinking and creativity to develop and practice new behaviours in non-threatening setting. It provides opportunities for students to explore further their feelings; gain more insights about their attitudes and also enhance their problem solving skills. It also promotes effective interpersonal relations. The learning in these role playing activities are meaningful as they are retained longer and hoped to be of use to the real life of the learners. Terms which are used, often interchangeably with role playing are â€Å"simulation,† â€Å"game,† â€Å"role-play,† â€Å"simulation-game,† â€Å"role-play simulation,† and â€Å"role-playing game†. Role playing dynamically promotes effective interpersonal relationships and social transactions among learners. Technology Supported Approach Technology provides a set of tool for addressing the issues on improving student learning. These issues are of providing more of learners’ time on authentic, challenging tasks with rich contexts with emphasis on multi-disciplinarity; changing of role of teachers to facilitators of knowledge that guide students and learn along with them; students working in an environment of more cooperative relationships that encourages communication and access to real-world examples towards the development of learning communities; and with greater emphasis placed on reflective thinking and productivity with the understanding that students will preform their tasks differently and have different task-relevant skills ( Grabe and Grabe, 2004). WebQuest WebQuest, the model developed by Bernie Dodge, is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in which most or all the information that learners work with comes from the web. WebQuests is most often a group activity in a library or distance education setting. It may be enhanced by wrapping motivational elements around the basic structure by giving the learners a role to play, simulated personae to interact with via e-mail, and a scenario to work within. They can be designed within a single discipline or they can be interdisciplinary (Dodge, 1997). The WebQuest challenges he learner to be creative in problem-solving. In the world of education, there are so many instructional designs that can be utilized to end up with meaningful learning. No instructional method is better than the other but each one in the hands of a committed and learned teacher can merit students across academic levels and disciplines to bring about meaningful learning. References Beaudrie, B. , Slater,T. F. , Stevenson, S. & Cadit, D. (1998). Teaching astronomy by internet jigsawing. Leading and Learning with Technology Journal, 26. , Retrieved December 13, 2007 from http://www. aem. umn. edu. Carin, A. A, Bass, J. E & Contant T.L. (2005). Activities for Teaching Science As Inquiry. NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dodge, B. (1997). Some thoughts about WebQuests . Retrieved December 13, 2007 from http://webquest. sdsu. edu/about_webquests. html. Gagne, R. M. , Briggs, L. J. , & Wager, W. W. (1992). Principles of Instructional Design . TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Grabe, M. & Grabe C. (2004). Integrating Technology for Meaningful Learning. NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. Murdoch, K. (1998) Classroom Connections: Strategies for Integrated Learning. Melbourne: Eleanor Curtain Publishing.

Prayer policies between the Christian and Muslim Essay

The Christian and Muslim religions have long argued their religious differences. On the surface, both religions possess similarities. Both religions advocate the worship of a singular God. Both impose obligations and duties on their believers as a means of becoming and staying as an advocate of the religion. Both use prayer as a means of communicating with God. However, when the prayer policies of each religion are contrasted, the differences between the two systems of beliefs can be easily identified—in their concept of prayer, the form of prayer and the rituals that come with it, and the intention of the prayer. A primary distinction in the prayer policies of both religions is their understanding of the concept of â€Å"prayer. † The Muslim religion, or Islam, understands prayer as that which involves a series of very specific rituals. The Islamic principle of salat, which is commonly used to understand the Muslim concept of prayer, signifies a rigid set of prayers that Muslims are expected to perform five times daily (â€Å"Salat: Daily Prayers†). On the other hand, Christians view prayer in a broader sense, in that they see it as a form of mental and emotional attitude. Therefore, their prayer is not limited to a prescribed form. For the Christians, there is no right and wrong way of praying (â€Å"Muslims Ask, Christians Answer†). A glimpse at the form of rituals each religion observes in praying best illustrate this point. In the Muslim religion, ablutions and washing are required before praying. This is in keeping with the belief that only those who are considered to have been purified can communicate with God. A prayer leader known as the Muezzin calls the Muslim faithful to prayer from a portion of a mosque called a Minaret. After calling the faithful to prayer, only the prescribed prayers should be recited. During prayer, proper clothing, as well as the calculated gestures of kneeling and bowing, is imperative. Otherwise, the prayers said are regarded as void, and the believer is required to repeat the entire prayer from the beginning to the end (â€Å"Salat: Daily Prayers†). On the other hand, the Christian religion does not prescribe either form or amount of prayer. No ablutions or washing rituals are needed before a Christian may validly pray to God. Christian texts such as the Holy Bible, offer suggested passages and prayers, but do not require strict compliance. The religion focuses mainly on the believer’s sincerity and not necessarily his words (Schirrmacher 2). Thus, Christians can use various forms of prayer such as dance, music, whether accompanied or not by lyrics, meditation, or through the use of artistic skills such as painting or sculpture. Another distinction in the prayer policies of both religions is the purpose of prayer. Although both Muslim and Christian prayer invokes the aid of an Almighty being, their prayers aim to bring about different goals. The believers of Allah (i. e. , the term Muslims use to call their God), through all their gestures and prayers, intend to manifest their submission with all humility as a servant, both to his Lord, and to his community (Spengler). Thus, intimate names of God cannot be invoked. Muslim believers regard Allah as solely the Creator and cannot be considered as on equal level with the products of His creation (Schirrmacher 2). Christians, on the other hand, aim to commemorate Jesus Christ’s sacrifice through the Eucharist (Spengler). Through prayer, Christians intend to express the intimacy of their relationship with God. Hence, they can address God as â€Å"Father† or â€Å"Abba. † These distinctions in prayer – their concept of prayer, their rituals in praying, and their goals of prayer—illustrate the differentiate prayer policies between the Christian and Muslim religions. While these distinctions set both religions apart, they both worship only one God. They also impose duties and obligations on their believers. Finally, they use prayer to communicate with God. Works Cited â€Å"Salat: Daily Prayers.† BBC Religion and Ethics – Islam. 09 March 2006. 27 February 2008 â€Å"Muslims Ask, Christians Answer. † 27 February 2008. Schirrmacher, Christine. â€Å"Christian and Muslim Prayer. † World Evangelicals: 1-4. World Evangelical Alliance. 27 February 2008. Spengler, Oswald. â€Å"Does Islam have a prayer? † Asia Times. 18 May 2004. 27 February 2008 .

God’s Design: A Focus on Old Testament Theology

The book â€Å"God’s Design: A Focus on Old Testament Theology† by Elmer Martens discusses the essence of the Old Testament, in which the author offers his own categories from Scripture as text, knowledge of God, deliverance, community and, finally, abundant life. The first section God’s design is discussed in terms of pre-monarchial period stressing the importance and influence of Israel’s history on emergence and development of Christianity. Salvation and deliverance are presented through the Yahweh’s image – a divine warrior. The aspect of community appears as the author draws relations between the people of Israel and the God. Martens argues that the knowledge of God is knowledge of the world’s creation and world’s order which can be found in the prologue in Genesis. The second section discusses the monarchial era and the author applies God’s design template to present or even to prove the validity of his approach. Martens notes that both Hosea and Exodus passages are provided with the same design elements. For example, in monarchial period deliverance was viewed rather differently – actually, Israel established its own army. Instead, the divine warrior is presented in the expressions of the Day of Yahweh. The central point of the section is that people expected for Messiah. The last section is devoted to post-monarchial period. The author refers to tertiary text of Ezekiel. In particular, the author tends to strength the aspect of deliverance and he shows that Yahweh was handing over Israel and he was to be blamed for having got in the hands of enemies. The author views deliverance as the future promise. Only in this period the first community was established in the Israel history. Community is presented as future, whereas the knowledge of God was firstly identified in the post-monarchial period focusing more on prayer. Judgment and salvation are two events which Israel people experiences. In the conclusion the author shows God’s design in creation and shows relations between God’s design and the world’s nations. God’s design is highly appreciated both in the Old and the New Testaments. Book Review I think that the book is very informative and the other offers his original ideas and thoughts about the God’s design in the Old Testament basing in scared scriptures. The author has managed to take seriously scriptural text and to make readers acquainted with hidden facts and revelations. The author doesn’t apply external categories to God’s design. Neither has he supported interposition of categories developed by other scientists as they are not consistent with the book. Instead, Martens has utilized approach which is an excellent way to do biblical and theological researches. Therefore, the author asserts that there are unifying themes of the Scripture and it is necessary to base the whole research on them. Martens claims that there are â€Å"many different pictures† (p. 4) in the landscape of Scripture. The author views his task as â€Å"to paint the best possible picture†. (p. 4) I think that the author has done an excellent job when developing own categories and not forcing them to be applied to any sacred scripture. Instead, the author allows sacred scriptures to shape the necessary template. We can see this in the changing nature of deliverance through the pre-monarchial to post-monarchial era. In the pre-monarchial ear deliverance is accomplished by divine warrior, whereas in monarchial period deliverance changed as Israel had established own standing army. Thus, deliverance is presented through expectation to be sent by the God. Finally, in the post-monarchial period divine deliverance us seen to come from the Messiah defined as cataclysmic event. It is possible to say that the book is the exegetical perspective brought out but h author in the context of unifying themes of the Old Testament. Author’s template can be applied to certain aspects of the text and, in such a way, the author manages to inform his readers about the primary meaning of the passage. To prove exegetical perspective it is necessary to mention stipulations of Israel covenant. In particular, the author claims that Israel must not be loyal to the words which are not a coercive law which doesn’t threaten the blessing of the God. Stipulations are viewed as the necessary response to a personal God. Actually, it was Yahweh who had promised salvation and deliverance to the people of Israel. In other words, the found promises aren’t consistent with Israel’s failure to obey and to follow the ten words of stipulations. However, if this point is proved, it means that God’s design wouldn’t ever be fulfilled because the people of Israel are faithless. It is the God who has designed salvation and deliverance, and â€Å"God’s character and purposes generated the design that brought about faithfulness to the people with whom He was covenanted†. (p. 86) The book offers comprehensive studying and analysis of the Old Testament, but there are many moments where the author refers to the issue of hermeneutics. Some of the passages are vague and they are nothing more than overarching paradigms. The author assumes that the name of Yahweh should be differentiated from God’s name as the author speaks about the God of all people, but it is not correct. Instead, the Abrahamic Covenant shares the same goal interpreted by the Old Testament and the covenant template is found in the pre-monarchial period. Nevertheless, despite certain weaknesses and misinterpretations the book is very helpful in identifying modes of biblical theology.