Why Should We Ban Gmos?

GMOs or genetically modified organisms have been a controversial term since the middle 1990s when the FDA approved the papaya to be genetically altered to save it from a worldwide virus leading to its demise. The rash and uneducated decision to save the papaya came without any form of long term effects to the delicate balance of our eco-system and populous. The problem with genetically modified foods is the potential unknown and the long term affects they very well potentially could propose.According to a poll taken by CNBC on April 28th, 2011 eighty-two percent of Americans are against GMOs [1]. The long term effects are becoming more and more prevalent within our society as GMOs continue to be around longer and with more research being done the possibilities for harm increase daily. While I won’t deny the overall idea here has great potential such as potentially virus and fungi immune crops as well as drought resistant crops [2] the overall study and research on this subject is very limited and vague.The side effects of GMOs is already showing up in certain grains and beans such as chronic wasting of internal organs to rats fed genetically modified potatoes and large amounts of defects produced in rats being fed high a diet of herbicide resistant soybeans such as sterile babies and stunted birth [3]. I feel the decision to push heavily for GMOs and filling over seventy percent of American grocery stores with unlabeled GMOs [4] has largely to do with the tyrants who control the market such as Nestle, General Mills, PepsiCo, and Monsanto.While America is being controlled by such companies being the largest consumer of GMOs by over double any other continent or nation [5] while many others such as Japan, Australia, and many of the European Union have heavy restrictions or bans on such goods where consumer rejection has taken place forcing GMOs out. If eighty-two percent of America are against GMOs they must stand up for their beliefs and not be conquered by these tyrants. The FDA’s states, â€Å"Theoretically, genetic modifications have the potential to activate cryptic pathways synthesizing unknown or unexpected toxicants, or to increase expression from active pathways that ordinarily produce low or undetectable levels of toxicants. † The FDA encourages companies that are concerned about toxicity to â€Å"consult informally with the agency on testing protocols for whole foods when appropriate. )† meaning these laws are hardly enforced, if the company is concerned with toxicity they suggest testing and do not require it [4]. In a bio technicians terms genetic modification is the insertion of a gene from a completely foreign and non-related species or organism using a virus or bacteria as a gateway entry into the cellular compound. These gateway and seemly harmless viruses and bacteria are now becoming active in humans due to large amounts of GMO consumption.This is also posing another problem by triggering other genes within the human body and DNA to bring about new allergens among many other things. The FDA refuses to require testing of GMO products claiming they have â€Å"not found it necessary to conduct, prior to marketing, routine safety reviews of whole foods derived from plants. † The FDA is also against labeling GMO products with the mind set of it creating a public concern and panic for goods that are safe to eat. Food manufacturers also worry that labeling GM products with warnings could cause food prices to rise and create uncalled for concern among consumers. † If there is so much concern for stating the potentially increasing side effects then GMOs should be taken off the market and a very in-depth and detailed study should be conducted for the next several years to really make sure this is a revolutionary step for the Earth and its people.

Jd Wetherspoon

Business Culture & Strategy 1. External environment EXTERNAL MACRO POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT â€Å"Tied House’ system had been broken – the number of pubs which a brewer could operate has been limited† – Companies have been forced to choose between brewing and retailing, which resulted in selling brewing operations or chains of public houses and hotels. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT â€Å"Supermarkets began selling drinks at loss-leader prices† -Supermarkets become competitors to other pubs by selling drinks, particularly premium larger, at cheaper prices and encouraging customers to buy them. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Government concern about binge drinking and anti-social behaviour† -Pubs have bad publicity by binge drinking and the consequent anti-social behaviour of customers, especially in city centres, the busiest places. TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT â€Å"Installed TV and sound systems in pubs† -Majority of pubs have installed TV screens and sound syst ems, especially to show football matches. EXTERNAL MICRO CUSTOMERS â€Å"Customers with families want to dine out together† – Pubs now have a dedicated family area, which is restricted and limited to meal times only. Children are not allowed in the bar areas, which work good with the rest of customers. LOCAL GOVERNMENT â€Å"Change in smoking law† -Smoking inside the buildings has been banned in whole industry. All pubs have to comply with law and they cannot have smoking areas inside their pubs. All smoking areas have to be outside the buildings. INTERNAL AUDIT HUMAN RESOURCE AUDIT â€Å"Involvement and communication with managers and staff† – JD Wetherspoon places great importance on listening to, acting on and receiving feedback from members of staff on all aspects of the business. All companies trying to motivate their staff to work by offering different benefits, providing training and meetings. PHYSICAL RESOURCES AUDIT Size and location of premises† – Majority of JD Wetherspoon pubs are located in city centre in high streets, where are visible and easy to find. All organisations try to be fairly large in order to provide the atmosphere and facilities for customers. FINANCIAL RESOURCE AUDIT â€Å"Slowed down in sales and profit growth† -Companies figures shows that sales and profit slowed down in last years. There is a risk of sales and profit falling down in the next years. OPPORTUNITY EXTERNAL MACRO – POLITICAL â€Å"Tied House’ system had been broken – the number of pubs which a brewer could operate has been limited† Why is it opportunity? The company as a new retailer can bring new customers to pubs. THREAT EXTERNAL MACRO – ECONOMIC â€Å"Supermarkets began selling drinks at loss-leader prices† Why is it threat? – The company might lose many customers, who will prefer to buy cheaper drinks and drink them at home instead of buying them in the pub. THREAT EXTERNAL MACRO – SOCIAL â€Å"Binge drinking and anti-social behaviour†Ã¢â‚¬  Why is it threat? – The company might lose money for repairing damages and good customers who will be scared to come again to the pub after seeing anti-social behaviour. OPPORTUNITY EXTERNAL MACRO – TECHNOLOGICAL â€Å"Installed TV and sound systems in pubs† Why is it opportunity? – Customers prefer sitting in pubs during football matches with other people, which increase sales and make nice atmosphere in the pub. OPPORTUNITY EXTERNAL MICRO – CUSTOMERS â€Å"Customers with families want to dine out together† Why is it opportunity? – By nice atmosphere and place to seat with children, families will go dine out more often, which will make bigger profit for organisation. THREAT EXTERNAL MICRO – LOCAL GOVERNMENT â€Å"Change in smoking law† Why is it threat? – J D Wheterspoon might lose its customers. If the organisation will not prepare a smoking areas, customers, who are smoking might go to other pubs. STRENGTH INTERNAL – HUMAN RESOURCES AUDIT â€Å"Involvement and communication with managers and staff† Why is it strength? – The organisation has better communication with staff and managers and also they gain knowledge about staff needs for development and training. It leads to better morale and lower staff turnover. STRENGTH INTERNAL – PHYSICAL RESOURCE AUDIT â€Å"Size and location of premises† Why is it strength? – Good location and bigger size of premises will bring more customers into the pub. They can more often come in for a dinner or for a drink in the town. It is also easier to meet with friends in the city centre. WEAKNESS FINANCIAL RESOURCE AUDIT â€Å"Slowed down in sales and profit growth† Why is it weakness? –The J D Wheterspoon cannot open as many new pubs as they have planned, which will bring less profit than it was planned. LIST OF INSTRUCTION FOR DEVELOPING A SWOT: 1. TO IDENTIFY OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS YOU NEED TO ANALYSE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT BY USING â€Å"PEST FACTORS† 2. TO IDENTIFY STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES BASED ON FIRM’S PAST OPERATIONS, ANALYSE INTERNAL AUDIT 3. STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS CAN CHANGE AT DEPENDENCE OF TIME 4. SWOT HAS SOME SUBJECTIVITY, THEREFORE WHEN YOU ARE INTERPRETING A DATA, YOU HAVE TO BE VERY CAREFUL 5. REMEMBER: SWOT ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTS THOSE FACTORS, WHICH HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED! IT IS NOT A PART OF ORGANISATION'S STRATEGY 6. ORGANISATION DOES NOT HAVE TO FOCUS ONLY ON WEAKNESSES OR THREATS WHEN ANALYSING SWOT. THEY CAN TAKE ACTION ON ANY OF THEM OR MORE IF THEY NEED IT. 2. Organisational Culture CORPORATE CULTURE It is the feel of the organisation, the way people act and behave towards each other and the way things get done.

Difference Between Civil and Criminal Law

This assignment will consider the differences in Civil and Criminal law. It will explain the roles of solicitors, Barristers, Judges and Magistrates. It will also critically look at the features of the European Court of Human Rights 4Civil law is a private law. it settles matters between two individuals and organisations. It still has the roman standard in many countries because it was originated from the Roman law. The end result is mostly damages in civil law. Example of civil cases includes Donoghue v Stevenson [1993] where Donoghue sued Stevenson for damages of ? 00 for drinking contaminated ginger beer which had negative effect on his health, Millar v Taylor (17690) is another example of civil case 5Criminal law considers crimes committed against the crown ( R ). [6]  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Government identifies and criminalises behaviour that is considered wrong, damaging to individuals through criminal law† Jacqueline Martin and Chris Turner define crime as  [7]  a conduct forbidd en by the state. when a conduct is regarded by the state as being criminal, there is always a punishment attached to it†. i. e. murder and theft.Example of criminal case includes R v Wilson (1994) and R v Brown (1991) where R stands for the Crown or the State. Criminal law was made to protect organisations, individuals, the society and their properties. They are also made to punish offenders. The aim of sentencing offenders also include reparation, incapacitation, deterrence and reformation Read more: Differences between civil and criminal | Law Teacher http://www. lawteacher. net/criminal-law/essays/differences-between-civil-and-criminal-law-essay. php#ixzz2RCimULfN Follow us: @lawteachernet on Twitter | LawTeacherNet on Facebook DifferencesCriminal law is drafted by the government. It is made by the crown ( R ) and passed by Parliament before it goes to the monarch for â€Å"rubber-stumping† as law. (This process is known as ‘Royal Assent’). Offenders are prosecuted by the Crown when they commit crimes against citizens. It is the duty of the police to enforce the law. 8Civil law applies to the principals of common law but in civil actions unlike criminal proceedings, the Crown takes no sides. The crown supplies the court, the judge and if necessary the enforcement of the judge’s rulings. Punishment 9Criminal law punishes guilty defendant by either incarceration in a jailed.There are also fine paid to the government in exceptional cases. Community service could be the punishment on offenders depending on the type of crime committed. Contrary to criminal law, defendant in civil law is not imprisoned when found liable but reimburse the claimant for losses by the defendants act. Burden of proof In criminal law, one can never be guilty without â€Å"proven 99 percent guilty beyond reasonable doubt â€Å"as per Lord Denning. When one feels that the crime committed is done due to his or her insanity, then the burden lies on the de fendant to prove it.The Crown has the right to punish criminal offenders because all crimes are against the state. For example, if one commits the crime of burglary by breaking into a house and steal, the state will prosecute the offender when even the victim brings private proceedings against the burglar. Read more: Differences between civil and criminal | Law Teacher http://www. lawteacher. net/criminal-law/essays/differences-between-civil-and-criminal-law-essay. php#ixzz2RCicKzlV Follow us: @lawteachernet on Twitter | LawTeacherNet on Facebook

HTML and e-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HTML and e-commerce - Essay Example HTML has become the language of all webs. All web pages are written in HTML. It is a markup language and surrounded by many other markup languages like SGML, XML and many more. Html by having more precise and efficient functions effectively distinguishes the other markup languages. Another reason of HTML distinction is that it not only included the features that was found in prior markup languages but accumulated by many more like it has more complicated style and content tags integrated into one language. It has a tag that separately defines the content with tag like H1, in order to define style it uses a FONT tag (Schaum's, 2003). It is of necessity that now web documents are defined by the HTML because of its excessively constructive features. However, HTML is an essential markup language used for web pages. It involves many features from which building blocks of all websites are formed. It is used to slot-in varied images and objects on the web and allow interactivity between user and computer. HTML is used to embed video without any authority, and is very handy for web developers who exhibits graphics easily and pleasantly. Many individuals facilitate the relocation of computer files to their mobile by the use of HTML5. Web pages have been expanding its utility by getting large storage of information. We browsers also attribute Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) which labels the emergence and outline of the text and the matter contained (Powell, 1998 ). Question 2 Examine the purpose of client servers and browsers and the function of the search engine for technology software house. To examine the function of clie nt server and browser we can use the mechanism that occurred between these two regions. Client server is basically a server used to form the communication for a wide range. Clients are browsers that always initiate in this mechanism to forward the details to the server which it is asked for. The server application waits inertly to have the instructions from clients and then accordingly provides the specific services into browser by which user can further proceed. The browser allows the users to look through the resources accessible on the server. Users can browse any resource that could be present in the server or for the documents with dynamism depending on the user’s requirements (Kiley Mitchell). We can say that the browser function is to advance the user’s detail to server for demonstration. The main purpose of search engines is associated with finding targeted keyword information, sorting it properly, storing in an organized manner and finally ranking the valuable information found on the web. On the other way, server responses to the instruction put into the browser by the user. All communications between browsers and servers use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The pattern in which clients and servers exchange messages is referring to the request-response messaging mold. The reason of the effective communication between clients and server is certainly highlighting the common language between them (Thurow, 2003 ). Web crawlers and indexing are few of the notable functionalities associated with search engines. Crawlers are designed in a manner that it can locate any new information available on the internet within seconds and then ranks it

Buddy Holly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Buddy Holly - Research Paper Example It was his family who encouraged his early musical gifts, and he was able to learn playing the fiddle and the piano from a tender age, even as his older siblings taught him how to play the guitar. The family had a business in tiles, while the parents were tailors, but they all let Buddy Holly develop his musical gifts in small and big ways, providng much moral support. Then after secondary school, he formed a band, out of which he further developed his talents, until that fateful event in 1955 when he fronted for Elvis Presley who was touring through their town, and was shortly after signed to a recodring contract by an agent who saw him perform. His early work with the Crickets in 1956 and 1957 paved the way for a career as a solo artist, in 1958, but that career would prove shortlived, as he was killed in a plane crash just a year after. His most famous songs, as reflected in their landing in the Top 40, would come from his work with the Crickets before 1958, notably ‘That Wi ll Be the Day’ recorded in 1957. In all, seven songs from the Cricket era landed in the American Top 40 from that time that Holly spent as the lead of the Crickets. Without that fateful plnba crash shortening the brilliant career of Holly, he would have been in his seventies by now, and would have left as big an imprint as the other greats of rock and roll who have come after him, and who have all cited his work as instrumental in shaping the course of their own music and of rock and roll in general. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Maria Elena Santiago holds the intellectual property rights to the work of Buddy Holly and all artifacts associated with the estate, and this is due to the fact that Santiago had become Holly’s wife in 1958. It was on their first date that Holly proposed marriage, and though the widow would suffer a miscarriage, the consummation of their marriage occurred just a few

Describe your interest in art and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describe your interest in art and film - Essay Example The movies of the 1940s and the early color movies of the 1950s also capture elements of American culture and I find it fascinating to observe the way the people are different from people today. All of the visual aspects of these movies, including interior decor, costumes, and the details of street scenes conjure up a world that is gone now. Through watching these films I can imagine what it must have been like to live in those days. I I also enjoy analyzing the way the film is put together from a script and a set of many thousands of still frames with different camera angles, musical score, etc. to make a complete whole. The world of film is very commercialized, and this is something that people today have learned to accept without thinking. I find interesting to see which films are released for the mass market, and to work out why some of them are such great successes, and some of them lose a lot of money. One genre that I find fascinating is science fiction, because it allows the director and the audience to venture into a parallel universe, where the strangest things can happen.

Criminal Justice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Criminal Justice - Research Paper Example cible entry to a premise is protected under the Fourth amendment when the nature of the circumstances that led to the warrant is considered reasonable. On the mentioned case involving Steiney Richards, petitioner v. Wisconsin, Madison, police officers forcibly entered the motel room that was occupied by the petitioner on December 31 early morning in order to execute a search warrant that was intended to net illegal narcotics. Before the search warrant was granted, the magistrate who issued the warrant rejected a no- knock warrant (Karagiozis & Sgaglio 2005). The magistrate argued that the case submitted did not attain the threshold to justify the need of such a warrant and, therefore, rejected to grant the police officers a no- knock warrant. Despite the magistrate’s judicial ruling, the Madison police officers dismissed the ruling and resorted in using force where they did not disclose the purpose and their presence prior to the entry. The police officers conducted the search and identified illegal narcotics such as cocaine but there was no evidence of gun possession that was collected. The trial court dismissed all attempts from the petitioner to suppress the case after which the petitioner, Steiney Richards pleaded guilty of the felony charges. The suspect possessed illegal narcotics that comprised of cocaine with intents to deliver thus allowing the appellant court to uphold the conviction of the petitioner to a prison term. To affirm the decision, the Wisconsin Supreme court scrutinized the issues in the case and found that the entry to the petitioner’s motel room did not violate the legislation thereby upholding policies as stipulated in the Fourth Amendment. In reaffirming their decision, the supreme court, acknowledged that the police officers are invariably allowed to ignore announcing their presence by considering the nature of the search warrant especially those that involves felonious acts like drug trafficking. The petitioner argued that the

Personal project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal project - Assignment Example Such countries include Ethiopia, South Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (GDA 1). Their vision is to bring together top-tier research organisations, for companies (both profit and non-profit) from the Front Range in order to synchronise the exceptional strengths of every Consortium member along with the entire multi-disciplinary expertise so as to improve knowledge awareness of need, inform research and science efforts and eventually offer real-time and location-specific information globally to inform choices that ensure the development of agriculture, as well as public health (GDA 1). The current projects being run by GDA are West Africa Weather Station Installation and Agriculture RE-Analysis of Precipitation Data both in Africa. These projects begun on July, 2014 and still run to date. They are meant to enhance the broader goal of the organisation and that is enhancing food security (GDA 1). The project that I intend to aid is the Weather Station Installation project, which seems to be more fascinating. With the proper kind of research, it would be worthwhile to involve myself in such a

Causes of the Global Financial Crisis and its impacts Assignment

Causes of the Global Financial Crisis and its impacts - Assignment Example At present, we still face the effects caused by this financial crisis, and much like the previous Great Depression which became a matter of educational importance for students to analyze; a great amount of thought has been dedicated to understanding the factors that eventually led to this economic breakdown. While analyst like Wendell Cox  have distinguished the cause into two broad categories, one being the Profligate lending that led to losses, (Macro-Economics) and the other being the excessive land use regulation exacerbated losses, (Micro-Economics). However, the entire process of the economic meltdown is a series of chain reactions, each policy directly or indirectly leading to the other and causing the system to collapse like a set of dominos. (Report, 2008) If we start at beginning of one of these chains, we find out that the period between 2000 and 2007 saw a marked increase in savings, all of which were available to be invested somewhere. At one point in 2007, the Global Pool of fixed securities increased from $36trillion to $70trillion. (Labonte, 2008) . Investors started searching for new alternatives around the globe where they could apply these savings. This caused a bridge to emerge between these investors and the policy controlling and regulating mechanisms established around the globe. This unauthentication and absence of transparency caused bubble after bubble to be created, each one waiting to burst at any moment. One such target became the housing sector as well, where extensive amount of investments were made and the housing bubble was created, particularly in the US which was soon to meet the expected fate of any economic bubble. To add to this was the fact that mortgage funding was made very easily available for everyone, at low interest rates and with reduction in the standards of regulation previously considered before approving a mortgage loan. This meant that even people who did not previously qualify for these loans (subprime) coul d now afford the expensive houses. The mortgage broker also extracted his benefit from this process. While he is awarded a fee for every mortgage that he passes, these brokers began to push their guidelines limit and award loans to even those who did not meet the qualification to pay them back. The â€Å"prime† borrowers were also able to extract advantage by taking larger loans than they could previously. So when these people were unable to pay back their loans, the mortgage market faced an unaccounted crisis and the series of failure of firms began. (Murphy, n.d.). House prices were skyrocketing, people investing in the housing sector were increasing exponentially, and it was only a matter of time till the bubble burst and this is exactly what happened. The interest rates began to increase, homeowners were unable to pay their mortgage installments, the default on the mortgages grew, and the house prices began to fall. The collapse of the US housing market went on to impact the global financial sectors. The â€Å"Credit Crunch† as it is called, was the loss of confidence by the US investors in the value of sub-prime mortgages and this led to a liquidity crisis. (Referencing). A bailout package was needed. The US Federal Bank invested a grand amount of capital into the financial markets. But nothing could help avoid the crash of the stock markets and the banking sector. The government proposed a $700billion rescue plan, but

Project Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Management - Research Paper Example Some negative features of its structure as well as execution counteract the positive results that are being attained under the Act. The lack of a â€Å"trigger for greenhouse gas emissions† (Russell & Cohn, 2012) is a major gap in the dogmatic structure of issues of national importance. Addition of a greenhouse trigger within the Act is suggested to harmonize other greenhouse schemes of the Australian Government. Latest policy alterations in listing endangered ecological communities may ease a number of these setbacks; however, a process for â€Å"merits review of listing decisions† (Russell & Cohn, 2012) would improve the public responsibility and precision of the function of the Act. No individual should take any step that likely to have a major impact on the heritage standards of a confirmed property without the authorization of Environment Minister. Each heritage property, including South Western Historical Society Building, has its personal heritage standards. It i s the standards, and not merely the place itself, which are safeguarded. Any activity is likely to have a major effect if there is even the slightest likelihood or chance that it will cause one or more of the heritage standards to be lost, dishonoured, harmed or changed considerably. Activities outside the heritage property that have an effect on the heritage standards also require authorization (Hansen & Hoffman, 2010). It is a counselling body whose associates are hired by the Heritage Minister, together with delegates from the community, â€Å"Director General of the Department of Planning and Infrastructure†, a person with aptitude and expertise in historical heritage, and the â€Å"National Trust of Australia† (Lane et al, 2010). The functions of the EPBC are (1) giving suggestions and performing analysis, research and inquiries with respect to the items of environmental heritage; (2) maintaining a record, known as the State Heritage Inventory, recording places of State and local heritage importance. Thirdly, carrying out community learning about the nation’s environmental heritage, and (4) and giving views or reports on environmental heritage when needed. Any person or a company, who wants to renovate or refurbish a place, building or land listed as a historical heritage, should initially get authorization from the EPBC. Any activity that might harm some or all foliage on land or within limits of a heritage item needs authorization as well. These authorizations are not compulsory for State significant improvements that have been given development approval. Not each action that entails a matter â€Å"protected by the EPBC Act will have a significant impact† (Piddock, 2007), so it is essential that the person gives every available piece of information regarding the planned activity for renovation, in addition to the measures he will be taking to decrease undesirable effects on the building. The Australian Government has mutual c ontracts with every state as well as territory administration to authorize environment evaluation procedures that meet the already established values. If a person wants EPBC Act endorsement, besides state or territory administration authorization, it may be feasible to carry out a single evaluation, avoiding repetition. To make the most of this chance it is vital that the person takes an appointment with the minister at the beginning of drafting a

Mediation Advocacy and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Mediation Advocacy and Practice - Essay Example With the mediator acting to transform the relationship by honing in on the legal issues of contributory negligence on Josh’s part and the landlord respondent’s liability, the parties were able to see each side differently and settled the matter for US$65,000 (Resnick vs. Stevens Realty). The mediator used caucus sessions for the most part. The first session consisted of having both sides state their case with probing and questioning from the mediator. Once both sides presented their cases, the mediator moved into caucus sessions. He brought with him, 15 years of litigation in the area of personal injuries and let both sides know in his introduction that he was very familiar with how lawyers handled these cases, how judges ruled and how jurors responded to these kinds of cases. Even so, the parties were informed that there were no certainties with regards to outcome in civil litigation. This in and of itself created anxieties. By choosing mediation, they parties were in a unique position to remove the anxiety associated with outcome and they could control their proceedings and the outcome. I thought this was a good way to get the parties to commit to resolving the conflict themselves. The mediator’s evaluative and transformative approaches appeared to work out rather well. However, there were times during the caucus sessions where I felt he spoke too quickly and put significant pressure on both sides to move the negotiations along. The mediator emphasized that time was running out and they needed to move forward quickly. I’m not sure how long the proceedings lasted and what was the reason for the pressure to move along quickly, but I felt it might have pressured Josh to accept a settlement. I noticed that the parties were wearing the same clothing throughout the video and would assume that the mediations sessions took place in one day. Therefore I am not sure why the mediator pressed the parties to settle the case that day. I was part icularly concerned that Josh could not take the pressure since he had been previously diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. If I had been mediating this dispute, I would let the parties know that if they need time to think things through, they should be all means do so and not to feel that they had to reach an agreement right away. I think it is important that the parties feel comfortable with the settlement. I did like the fact that the mediator reminded Josh, that neither side would feel comfortable with the outcome. One party would feel as if he or she did not get what she wanted and the other party would feel that they got too much. However, if they went to litigation, it was quite possible that only one party would come away feeling cheated. This was a good technique for getting the parties to come to an agreement. If I was the attorney representing Josh Resnick, I would have had some concerns about the mediator’s neutrality at first. At the very beginning when Resnikck’s attorney was stating Josh’s case, the mediator appeared to be irritated or bored. His lips were pursed and he fidgeted with his fingers, at times tapping his fingers on his note pad. At one point he took out his pen and began to fidget with it. When it was time to listen to Steven’s lawyer, the mediator appeared to have suddenly become more relaxed. The fidgeting stopped and he appeared to be even more engaged. However, his lips remained pursed. However, the Mediator continued to remain engaged for both sides from here on in and his

Philosophies of Religion Essay Example for Free

Philosophies of Religion Essay This Essay portrays the basic philosophies of religion particularly Christianity. This will be helpful for Christians to refresh or enhance their faith or take the challenge in strengthening their beliefs. Among the important and basic Christian philosophies to be discussed include; the true religion, real and false churches, minds and soul, heaven and heal, life after death, love and forgiveness, perfect marriage, miracles, Trinity, the challenging questions about the Da Vinci Code, Christians and Muslims, perfect marriage, etc. The discussions presented in this article are focused on indepth reflections of my previous work entitled, Echoes of Heaven: Gods Love is Better than Life Itself. This further simplify the understanding of mysterious things concerning Christian faith and the challenges that shaken or strengthen the beliefs of a Christian. Introduction Many people (Christians and non-Christians) are in a great religious confusion with tough questions about faith, life, death and many other challenging concerns that will most likely affect the faith or belief of the people. Most are searching for answers through reading literatures, the holy bible or the Koran, discussions with peers, religious institutions, and even through prayers. This essay will attempt to offer explanations of the many questions that challenge the beliefs of Christians and non-Christians. Some inputs of this essay are generated from my article, â€Å"Echoes of Heaven: Gods Love is Better than Life Itself† that aim to enhance man’s relation with God. What is Soul? Soul is the energy that God places within a human body so it would receive life. It is in the form of spirit which is invisible to human eyes. It does not reside in one part of the body but keeps on moving throughout the blood. It can leave the body, go to another place or world, and come back into it as long as it remains connected. It happens so fast because it can move at the speed of light. It has the ability to travel into the future and tell how the future will be, that is a vision. Soul gives light and lives in the body and also prevents the body from decaying, and once the soul is unconscious or leaves the body, the body has no life, and therefore it starts decaying. The soul is the body’s life giving spiritual thing which is separate and distinct from the body. They are inseparable in any way when the body is conscious, but the soul could be away from the body when the latter is unconscious. How do minds and soul communicate? Soul has no language barriers. There is only one language understood by all souls, or perhaps the soul has the ability to understand all languages. It has unlimited power and the ability to perform anything. When God created man, He granted this power and authority where the soul operates in human flesh in which the latter is ruled by a human mind. Human minds are limited in terms of power, their ability to perform, language, and mobility, among other things. Mind’s desire is for material or physical things while the soul desires for the things that are spiritual. The soul has the ability to see beyond what the naked eye cannot see and has the ability to gather information from different places in an instant. It is stated that even the absence of language, the soul still communicate with mind in harmony. Soul is therefore, considered as master over mind. A gap is identified between the human level and the spiritual level where either the spirit of God resides or the spirit of the Devil. The soul provides information to the mind. The spirit of God empowers the soul to act at its fullness, but the evil spirit empowers the mind or the flesh. The mind has the ability to process and store information or idea communicated from the soul which can be destructive or creative, depending on its source. What is a true religion? A true religion is the one that follow God’s guidance by building a good relationship with God. God is interested in having a good relationship with people; this is the true religion, knowing what God wants and knowing that we are doing what pleases Him. Likewise, the ISLAM HERALD (2003) stated that a true religion is teaching true concepts like the existence of God, that He is powerful and loving, He is aware of us and wishes to help us, and that certain things are required of us in return. It is therefore imperative that everyone should think that religion is just a vehicle to let people know that there is God and that He wants all the people to follow what He wants. Hence, the issue on true religion should not be argued. People who argue and claim that their religion is the true religion are those who did not follow what God wants them to do, hence, they are fools influenced by the thoughts of the devil. What is death, and how do people feel when dying? Death is the state when the soul has completely left the body and has no connection, or the soul is still in the body but unconscious. When a person meets an accident, the flesh may completely fail to function but the soul is fully conscious, preoccupied with many things, without expecting in meeting death. In this situation, the death of accident victim is declared but remains fully conscious within the body in which souls are looking for mercy, and they can talk. However, after some days, the soul gives up and became unconscious because they can no longer gain strength. What happens when one dies? When some people die, their souls remain unconscious within their bodies; others get out of their body and begin roaming around while the holy ones go to paradise, led by angels. The death of the holy ones will open the gate to a bright world where the angels are waiting to take them home (paradise), but those who remain in the grave are surrounded by darkness; they are not warm or cold. The latter’s case will be determined during the Day of Judgment. The rebellious ones still go on roaming the world and their souls are fully dedicated to the Devil. Are heaven and hell real? The Holy Bible tells everyone that there is heaven and hell. This contention can be read in some passages of the Bible, and among them are the book of Revelation and the gospel of Mathew which can be read below. Heaven Revelation 21:1-4 reads: Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away. Also there was no more sea. Then I, John, saw the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. And I heard a loud voice from heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them, and they shall be His people. Hell Jesus used different images to describe hell. He used the images of torment (Matthew 25:46), a place of weeping and gnashing of teeth (Matthew 8:12), a place of outer darkness (Matthew 8:12), and a place of fire (Matthew 3:12). Revelation 21:8 describes it as the lake which burns with fire and brimstone To demonstrate that hell is a place of continual and eternal torment, Revelation 14:11 states that â€Å"the smoke of their torment ascends forever and ever; and they have no rest day or night, who worships the beast and his image, and whoever receives the mark of his name. This is the biblical teaching on hell. Those who try to dilute it are only hurting people; hell is real, and everyone who does not submit to the gospel of Christ will go there. However, Rev. Douglas Taylor of the Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Binghamton, argue that Hell, like Heaven, is essentially a state of mind although the very opposite state of mind to heaven. If hell is within us, it will be seen outside of us as a place (a hideous place), ref lecting the hideousness of the evil within†. Is there life after death? Yes, there is life after death. This is supported by the Bible’s passage particularly in John 11:25-26 where God said â€Å"There is only one way – through faith and trust in Gods Son, Jesus Christ. Jesus said, â€Å"I am the resurrection and the life. Those who believe in me, even though they die like everyone else, will live again. They are given eternal life for believing in me and will never perish. Furthermore, this can also be read in the book of Mathew 25:46 which states that â€Å"Those who have been made righteous will go into eternal life in heaven, but unbelievers will be sent to eternal punishment or hell†. Who is right, Christians or Muslims? Christians and Muslims believe in the same God, and their faith is based on the Old Testament. These believers are both believe in the Day of Judgment and the coming of Jesus Christ for the second time. Many are amazed that the Koran talked more about Mary, the mother of Jesus, in regards to the birth of Christ than the Bible itself. Both groups of believers believe in the living God, the Most High King, and the God of the universe. At that high level, both groups have no difference. Those who called by His name are given the power and authority to rule and judge the world. God was just using different messengers for the Christians and the Muslims; Christ Jesus for the Christians, and Mohammad for the Muslims. But, they the same believed the old testament of the Holy Bible. In the eyes of God, the righteous are those who believe that there is God; obey His commands, and those who recognize that He is the most powerful and merciful God. What is a perfect marriage? A perfect marriage is a marriage that put God in the center. A perfect marriage is bound with open communication, faith and trust with each other. In Ephesians 5:23-33 of the Holy Bible, God describes that perfect marriage is based on love. He commands the husband to love his wife more than he loves himself, and to nourish and cherish her. A man should provide for his wife’s needs and consider her a precious possession. The most important part of a good marriage is LOVE, not just a physical attraction, but true love and concern for each other before God. Marriages that last are built on love (Ecclesiastes 9:9). The wise man Solomon said that enjoying life’s blessings with a loving companion is a great reward. Love’s endurance knows no limits, its trust no end, its hope no fading; it can outlast anything. If, we will but follow Gods pattern for the marriage relationship, we can find the happiness that God intended when He ordained it. The pleasure and happiness are there when the husband and the wife have the proper love for each other and for God. These explanations about perfect marriage are anchored on LOVE. What is the secret behind miracles? The secret behind miracles is faith. Many scriptures in the Holy Bible (in the New Testament) tell how Jesus shown that faith makes miracles. However, in some cases, miracles are used by the devil to mislead the people of God and forget the true miracle from God which is the miracle of forgiveness of sins. Do all miracles come from God? Not all miracles come from God. Dan Corner of Evangelical Outreach reveals that miracles come from two sources that is God and devil. The book of Exodus that â€Å"some of Gods miracles were duplicated by Satans power channeled through the Egyptian magicians: a wooden staff became a snake† (7:10, 11); â€Å"water was changed into blood† (7:20-22)† and frogs came out of the water and covered the land† (8:6, 7)! † Demons can and do perform miraculous signs† (Rev. 16:14, p. 142). In the Holy Bible (New Testament) Jesus Christ made many miracles of healing the sick people, giving life again to the declared dead person, calming storms, etc. All the miracles performed by Jesus came from God. Are all churches real? Not all churches are real. Elephant shared in his article that the real churches are those where the worshippers are singing with the same voice, moving in the same direction, without confusion, and seek God for salvation. Real churches are those with true worshippers. True worshippers of God are poor in hearts seeking God and left everything behind just to follow God with one purpose, salvation. Is there any false church or prophet? There are so many false churches and prophets even during the time of Jesus Christ. False church is look like a market place where there are lots of confusions; people are seeking God for material things not salvation. Yes, there were false prophets as supported by Ezekiel 13, even God warn the people against false prophets and said to Ezekiel â€Å"These foolish prophets are doomed! They provide their own inspiration and invent their own visions. Christians of today, your prophets are as useless as foxes living among the ruins of the city. They do not guard the places where the walls have crumbled, nor do they build the walls, and so the churches cannot be defended when war comes on the day of the Lord. Their visions are false, and their predictions are lies. They claim that they are speaking my message, but I have not sent them. Yet they expect their words to come true! I tell them: Those visions you see are false, and the predictions you make are lies. You say that they are my words, but I have not spoken to you†. Jeremiah was told by God to â€Å"Tell my people not to listen to what those false prophets say; they are filling you with false hopes. They tell you what they have imagined and not what I have said. To the people who refuse to listen to what I have said, they keep saying that all will go well with them. And they tell everyone who is stubborn that disaster will never touch him. † Is man a complicated creature? Why and why not? Man is a complicated creature because God has provided them everything, the life, the trees that produces foods they need. In Genesis 2:15-16, God even give man a companion in the presence of Eve. With a condition that he should not eat the fruit of the tree that gives knowledge of what is good and bad because the punishment of death will be accorded to him by God. Man’s complication started when he disobey God. The complication continue when God give different languages to human beings and scattered them all over the world. It is hard to understand man because something else that God had no intention to create was created after eating the fruit of the tree that gives knowledge of what is good and what is bad. Man became a complicated creature and that is why we suffer, because we need to prove to God that we can be faithful and trusted once more. Our first parent chose to follow or listen to a stranger, the devil. He ignored the instruction of God, despite or everything provided to him by God.

Overview Of Data Structures And Algorithms Computer Science Essay

Overview Of Data Structures And Algorithms Computer Science Essay As Robert Lafore has stated, data structures are a collection of structures that are used to store data in a memory location. A Data structure is designed to organize data to fulfill ones purpose of accessing and using them. Arrays, linked lists, stacks, binary trees, and hash tables etcThese are included as data structures. But there are data structures that can be thought of as Abstract data types as well, the given examples above can be considered as ADTs except arrays. All most all data structures have both advantages and disadvantages. Nell B.Dale et al (1996) has stated that an abstract data type is one whose set of operations that are defined in a certain level without getting any restrictions from operational details. According to Robert Lafore (2008) An Abstract data type is a way of looking at a data structure simply focusing on what it does instead of focusing on how it does it. Both of these definitions give a similar meaning. If taken from Nell Dales point of view its a set of operations in a certain level that has no restrictions by operational details on it. When compared this definition with Robert Lafores definition, An Abstract data type is a way of looking at the operations of the data structure and as Nell Dale stated in the end without getting any restrictions by operational details. By operational details Nell Dale has meant it does not focus on how on the details of those operations. In conclusion to both these definitions, an abstract data type is a logical operation on certain level of data structures focusing on its process and not its method. Stacks and queues are examples of ADTs. .Classification of data structures Arrays Robert lafore has explained Arrays to be known as the most commonly used data structure in programming. An array is a series of elements that is of the same type and same name. It is possible to create an array of any data type. In order to access an array the array has to have an index. An index is an integer that allows access to each of the elements of an array. Using an array we can name a group of elements instead of naming each of them individually. A simple array will look like this see FIGURE 1.2.1 Data Index FIGURE 1.2.1 a simple array The data within the array are the data entered to an array. And the numbers below outside the array are indexes used to access the particular data packet. Advantages Quick insertion Very fast access if index is known Disadvantages Slow search Slow deletion Fixed size Stacks A stack is special a kind of a list in which both insertion and deletion takes place from the top of the stack. To add new elements to a stack a word called push is used instead of insert and for removal or deleting of an element the word pop is used. Robert lafore(2008) has stated that a stack allows access to only one data item at a time. This is because a stack provides a LIFO or Last in first out method. This means the last data item that is pushed into a stack is the first item that will be popped. Then it provides access to the next data item and so on. By the name of this data structure itself it gives a picture of how the data structure would be. Given an example, a stack of data blocks, the last data block to be entered gets removed first. See FIGURE 1.2.2 Insertion of new data item takes place on top Deletion of item takes place on top Stack of data blocks 30 30 1 1 1 24 24 24 5 5 5 14 14 14 16 16 16 FIGURE 1.2.2 a stack of data blocks Advantages Provides last in first out access Disadvantages Slow access to other items Queues This is a data structure of ordered elements in which insertion takes place at the end and deletion takes place at the front. A queue is a known as a FIFO or first in first out. Unlike stacks in queues the first data item to be entered is removed from the queue first. The process of a queue is easy to understand when modeled to the real world. For example think of the line ups in your local grocery stores. Each of the customers waits in line and one at the front of the line get to go first. Each of the new customers joins the line in the rear. See figure 1.2.3 New customers join at the end of the queue First customer joins the queue, first to go FIGURE 1.2.3 A queue of customers Similar to the figure 1.3 above in computer science the elements which are inserted first in a queue are removed first from the queue. Advantages Provides first in first out access Disadvantages Slow access to other items Linked lists Linked list has a similarity with arrays. D.Samanta (2004) has defined that linked lists as a ordered collection of finite, adjacent data elements called as nodes where linear order is maintained by links or pointers. Links or pointers are used to address to the other node. Simplify by pointing to the next location in the sequence. The pointers are maintained depending on the requirements. FIGURE 1.2.4 shows a simple example of a linked list. Link Link to the next node node Data FIGURE 1.2.4 a simple linked list Advantages Quick insertion Quick deletion Disadvantage Slow search 1.3. Importance of data structures in software industries Importance of data structures To understand the importance of data structures first we have to know what data structures are. It is already explained in the previous sections. What is the importance of it? The importance is that a data structure can give an overview of the types of operations that can be performed and its processes. In a software industry Software industries keep changing and growing continuously, which requires a great deal of innovative ways to solve the problems they face. Use of data structures can bring down the stress level down to a point. Because uses of data structures are most effective if the programmers know what he wants to do with the data, whether he wants random access or the ability to move back and forth through the data. Use of data structures helps the programmer to determine which data structure has to be used in which situations. It is very important that the data are stored in a way that it can be retrieved and accessed easily in the future. Data structures fulfill this importance. According to Robert Lafore (2008) data structure is nominated among three categories where it is useful. Real- world data storage Programmers tools Real-world Modeling These three categories help understand the usefulness of data structures. By real-world data storage it means data is described based on physical entities like personnel records that describe a human, here the data is personnel records and entity is human. Programmers tools are meant to be accessed only by the program itself. Because this is entirely based on the data storage structures that are not meant to be accessed by the user. Stacks, queues, and priority queues are tools that a programmer uses in such a way to facilitate some other operations. Last but not the least its real-world modeling. It is basically structures that model real world situations. The most important data structure of this type is graph. Graphs can be used to represent airlines routes between cities etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Based on these three categories alone, we can point out that data structures provide a vast area in which data structures can be helpful for development of software industries. 1.4. Complexity in relevant to data structures When using data structures there is an important aspect related to them called as algorithms. Robert Lafore (2008) has defined that algorithms are used to manipulate the data within the data structures. Algorithms can be used in various ways, for searching particular data items and sorting the data. Shi kuo chang has stated that the concept of an algorithm is one of the most important elements of computer science. Because its useful to frame a problem and get solutions without any errors. When it comes to algorithms there are two complexities that arise from it, Time complexity and space complexity. Time complexity As Alfred V Aho et al (2009) has explained the time needed by an algorithm given as a function of the problems size is called as the time complexity. There are three cases in time complexity best case, average case and worst case this can be explained separately in relevance to data structures. Best case: This is when an algorithm takes minimum amount of time to search a desired set of inputs. For an example you can take a stack when searching for an element in a stack with a Linear search if u come across the element you are looking for at the top of the stack then it can be called as best time complexity. Average case: Average time complexity is the mean number of operations assuming the probability of the input. The binary search method in algorithm can be identified as an average case time complexity method. Worst case: If an algorithm takes maximum amount of time to find the desired set of inputs then its called a worst case time complexity. For an example you can take a stack again when searching for a desired element using a linear search if it is at the bottom of the stack then it is a worst case time complexity. Space complexity According to Alfred V Aho et al (2009) space complexity determines the size of the problems that can be solved by an algorithm. This simply means this is a function that describes the amount of memory space taken by the algorithm. 1.5 Influence of object oriented programming concepts on data structures According to Matt A.Weisfeld,(2004) Object oriented programming has been around in software development from 1960s. The fact that Object oriented programming helps encapsulate the data and the operations that manipulate them in the object is considered as an advantage that arises from object oriented programming. Tim Patrick et al has explained that when it comes to object oriented programming, there are four main concepts we need to be aware of, as follows. Abstraction Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism . Abstraction:- This is a view of an entity that includes only those aspects that are relevant to a situation. Encapsulation:- This is the process of converting abstraction into a usable software component. A simple explanation is restricting access to the attributes and methods of an object directly. Encapsulation helps encapsulate a process of a data structure. Example can be an array because of the encapsulation an output of an array would be the elements within the array it wont show how it was processed. Inheritance:- This makes it possible for OOP code to build classes that extend or restrict features in other existing classes. Without the need to fully re write the code. Simply speaking, inheritance can receive attributes and methods from super classes. When you take data structures there are special kinds of data structures identified as abstract data types. The inheritance concept can create new abstract data types from old. An example can be a stack. Use of inheritance allows a user to create a new stack from an old one. Polymorphism:- A simple explanation of polymorphism is that a recognised action can be performed differently in different situations by an object. The influence of polymorphism concept in data structures is that it creates operations that can be applicable for data structures which store more than one type of data. An example for this can be linked lists. A linked list can be implemented with operations of stacks and queues using polymorphism concept. These four concepts are included among the other principles of object oriented programming. The last three concepts from the four alone give an idea, how oriented programming object can influence data structures. Task 2 K 2.2 A stack and its procedure for various operations. According to V.rajaraman et al (0000) a stack is a memory location where the data are stored and retrieved in a location called top of the stack. When the data is entered the firstly entered data are pushed there for the first data to be entered will be retrieved last. Unlike a RAM where each of the data can be addressed separately in a stack the only data that can be addressed is the top of the stack. There are two main Operations associated with a stack, PUSH and POP.

Study on Nutritional Status of School Children

Study on Nutritional Status of School Children A STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN RURAL, SEMI URBAN AND URBAN AREAS OF CHENNAI. INTRODUCTION: The health and nutritional status of children is an index of national investment in the development of its future manpower. According to World Health Organization, protein energy malnutrition refers to â€Å"imbalance between the supply of protein and energy and the body’s demand for them to ensure optimal growth and function. This imbalance includes both inadequate and excessive energy intake; the former leading to malnutrition in the form of wasting, stunting and underweight, and the latter resulting in overweight and obesity†. The consequences of child malnutrition are enormous and are intertwined with the development of society. Malnutrition affects the child’s physical and cognitive growth and increases the susceptibility to infections and severity of diseases while having adverse implications on income and economic growth indirectly. According to UNICEF data, 90% of developing world’s undernourished live in Asia and Africa while 40% of the world’s malnourished live in India. The 2013 Global Hunger Index Report ranked India 16th, which represents the serious hunger situation. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data indicates that 43% of children under 5 years of age are underweight and 2% of them are overweight. In India, we face a double jeopardy of malnutrition i.e., children from urban areas are affected with problems of over-nutrition while those from rural area suffer from effects of under-nutrition. The long term consequences of malnutrition on a child-turned-adult are issues of deep concern. Under-nutrition impairs the child’s immune system and weakens the defenses against other diseases. Whereas over-nutrition contributes to childhood obesity and leads to the early onset of hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, coronary heart diseases, orthopedic disorder and other respiratory diseases. School age is the active phase of childhood growth. Poor nutritional status in children leads to high absenteeism and early school dropouts thereby affecting the literacy rate of the country apart from affecting health status of the children. On the other hand, increasing lifestyle changes in urban areas has led to the emergence of over-nutrition and childhood obesity. To evaluate this changing trend and to determine the burden of malnutrition, we attempted to do a cross sectional study to assess the nutritional status of school children (11-14years old). OBJECTIVES: To determine the nutritional status of children based on their BMI and waist hip ratio and its relation to various factors like gender, area of residence and socio-economic status. METHODOLOGY: After being approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Stanley Medical College, a cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in the year 2011 over a period of 3 months from June to September involving 300 children in the age group of 11 to 14 years. Three schools were selected one each in rural area, semi urban area urban area. 100 children from each school were selected as subjects for the study. Data regarding the subjects’ socioeconomic background, religion, dwelling place, three day diet recall and type and duration of physical activities per day. Also their anthropometric measurements including height, weight, circumference of waist and hip were recorded. We have recorded body weight to the nearest 0.1 kg using a standard balance scale with subjects barefoot. Height of the children from the floor to the highest point on the head was recorded when the subject was facing directly ahead, barefoot, feet together, arms by the sides. Heels, buttocks and upper bac k were made to be in contact with the wall when the measurement was made. The height was recorded and rounded off to the nearest 1 cm. BMI (weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres) of the children were calculated. The waist circumference was measured at the level of umbilicus. The hip circumference was measured at the widest part of the buttocks. Waist hip ratios were calculated. Data was analyzed at the end of 3 months. RESULTS: Based on the statistical analysis done at the end of the data collection, the following results were obtained. Out of the 300 students assessed in the study, 55% of them were boys and 45% were girls; 39.67% belonged to age 11, 14.67% belonged to age 12, 19.33% belonged to age 13 and 26.33% belonged to age 14. Based on socio-economic status, 1.67% belonged to class 1, 17% belonged to class 2, 38% belonged to class 3, 42.67% belonged to class 4 and 0.67% belonged to class 5. On assessing the 300 children for BMI, 67.33% were found to be underweight, of which 29.67% were from rural areas; 6% were found to be overweight or obese, of which 4.67% were from urban areas. The percentage of under-weight children was 65% in semi urban area and 48% in urban area in contrast to 89% in rural area. TABLE 1. Relation between BMI, Waist Hip Ratio and Area of residence Of the 100 children assessed in rural area, only one was found to be overweight and no one was obese. Among the 100 children assessed in the semi urban area, 3 were overweight. Whereas in urban area, 7 children of the 100 were overweight and another 7 were found to be obese. Thus, in urban area, almost 14% of the children were either obese or overweight. This percentage is significantly higher than the 1% and 3% found in rural and semi urban areas. The percentage of the children who were categorized as normal according to their BMI was only 10% in rural but 32% and 38% in semi-urban and urban areas respectively (Figure 1). Figure 1. According to the data obtained, waist hip ratio of the children was also calculated. It is found that 20% of children in rural area and 32% of children in urban area fall under high-risk category of waist hip ratio. Waist Hip ratio more than 1 in boys and 0.85 in girls indicates an increased risk of metabolic complications. Though the frequency of high risk W:H ratio is higher among children from urban areas than that of rural areas, the difference was not statistically significant. The prevalence of underweight was 69.09% among boys and 65.19% among girls. This difference is not statistically significant indicating that there is no evidence of gender inequality in this study (Table 2). TABLE 2. Relation of gender and socio-economic status over BMI Socio-economic status of each child was assessed based on modified Kuppusamy’s scale. The prevalence of underweight children was 84.62% among socio-economic status class 45 and only 54.12% among socio-economic status class 1,2 3. It is evident that there is a significant statistical difference in the prevalence of underweight children in Class 45 as compared to Class 1, 2 3 ( Table 2). Figure 3. The children were also asked about their choice of games and sports. And it was found that nearly 45% of the boys and girls in rural area were involved in games requiring severe physical activity. The mean playtime of children from rural area was 1.6 hours/day. In semi-urban area, only 25% of the boys and girls were involved in games requiring severe physical activity whereas the percentage was only around 15% in urban area. The mean playtime of children from semi-urban and urban areas were 1.6 hours/day and 1.1 hours/day respectively. The three day diet history obtained from the children was analyzed and the average amount of calorie intake per day was calculated for all. The mean calorie consumption of the children, irrespective of their area of residence, was 1333 kcal. The mean calorie intake of children in rural area was found to be 991.7 kcal. The calorie consumption was found to be lesser when compared to the mean calorie intake in semi urban and rural areas, which were 1461.7 kcal and 1545.7 kcal respectively (Figure 4). It was also found that the irregularity in taking meals was the greatest among the children in urban area. Figure 4. DISCUSSION: A healthy child becomes a healthy adult. Of the various factors which determine the health of the child, nutrition plays the most vital role. Low body weight is unhealthy and harmful in the way it has dire consequences on both physical and psychological well-being of a child. Decreased level of thinking, impaired concentration, irritable mood and heightened obsessiveness, while contributing to the psychological effects of malnutrition, undermines the academic performance of a child and leads to the development of a socially withdrawn child. On the other hand, malnutrition has a profound impact on immune system by weakening the defenses and aggravating the effects of infections. Infections contribute to malnutrition by a variety of mechanisms including anorexia and impaired absorption of nutrients. This shows that enteric infection begets malnutrition and malnutrition begets more infections. According to World Bank statistics, Child malnutrition is responsible for 22 percent of India’s burden of disease and contributes to an estimated adult productivity loss of 1.4% of gross domestic product (GDP). It has been estimated to play a role in about half of all child deaths and more than half of child deaths from major diseases, such as malaria, diarrhea, measles and pneumonia. Recent trends in India suggest that there has been a dramatic fall of severe underweight prevalence in urban areas (by 26%) compared to rural areas though the decline in underweight prevalence was considered inadequate according to UNICEF. Our cross-sectional study shows that boys are more likely to be stunted and underweight than girls though there was no significant gender inequality because of limited sample size. Our study determined the point prevalence of underweight children in relation to various factors like gender, age, area of residence and socio economic status while data from various studies indicated that decline in the prevalence of under-nutrition was lesser in girls compared to boys and lesser in scheduled caste scheduled tribe as compared to other castes. Children with normal BMI constitute only 10% in rural areas while 38% of them had normal BMI in urban area. The collected data signify that under-nutrition is the burning problem in rural areas whereas urban areas suffer from the double jeopardy of malnutrition. It showed that mean height and weight of boys and girls was lower than the CDC 2000 standards in all age groups. The prevalence of underweight and stunting was highest among the age group of 11 to 13 years whereas wasting was more prevalent in the age group of 5 to 7 years. In this study, under-nutrition was found to be significantly more prevalent in girls than in boys. Data from our study says that probability of a child being undernourished is higher in rural area than in urban area. A study found that the prevalence of stunting was observed to be 52.3% and severe stunting was 25.1%. The determinants of this study included father’s occupation and income rather than the educational and occupational status of mother in the patriarchal society. In a multivariate study done in Brazil, stunting was found to be significantly associated with low economic income, inadequate protein intake and polyparasitism, especially Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura. Evidences suggest that cell mediated immunity is depressed in malnutrition thereby increasing the duration and severity of infections with increasing degrees of malnutrition. The most common infection related deaths due to malnutrition were diarrhea and acute respiratory infections. Infant feeding practices and mother’s education status form the major determinants of Protein Energy Malnutrition. Better feeding practices were found to reduce the prevalence of stunting by 30%. Exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding were found to be more protective when compared to no breastfeeding. The median relative risk of death from diarrhea fell from 25 in no breastfeeding to 8.6 in exclusive or partial breastfeeding highlighting the paramount importance of breastfe eding in the prevention of malnutrition. Hence, it is necessary to cut down the causal factors of malnutrition before the child attains the age of 3 years. Better feeding practices, health awareness, sanitation, sustained availability of nutritious foods for all sections of people and enhanced access to healthcare services are essential steps to attain the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Failure to invest in combating nutrition can have adverse impacts on potential economic growth. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme, launched on 2nd October 1975, is India’s unique programme to improve the nutritional status of children by providing supplementary nutrition, pre-school education, immunization and health education for pregnant and nursing mothers. Though ICDS is successful in many ways, decline in undernutrition in India is slower when compared with other developing countries because ICDS Scheme’s mainly focusses on food supplementation rather than health education and children aged 3-6 yea rs rather than younger children (0-3 years). Our study reiterates the trends of malnutrition in relation to various factors and also highlights the need for differential approach in urban and rural areas to combat malnutrition. CONCLUSION: This cross-sectional study was undertaken to study the nutritional status of children aged 11-14 years and its relation to various factors like gender, area of residence and socio-economic status. This study also attempted to collect data on the amount of calories consumed per day, frequency and regularity of taking meals and level of physical activity in rural, semi-urban and urban areas. According to our study, 67.33% were underweight and 6% were overweight or obese. The prevalence of under-weight was found to be significantly higher in rural area(89%) than in urban area(48%) while urban area takes the upper hand in the prevalence of over-weight children. Our study also estimated that a child from rural area consumes an average of 991.7 kcal while calorie consumption of a child from urban area is much higher, averaging to 1545.7 kcal. Children belonging to socio-economic status Class 45, according to modified Kuppusamy’s scale, were more deprived of nutrients than the children of upper and middle class. Nutritional status was also found to be slightly poorer in boys than that of girls. The data collected also indicated that the mean calorie consumption of children in rural area was 991.7 kcal when compared to 1461.7 kcal in semi-urban and 1565.7 in urban area. However, the mean playtime of children in urban area was 1.1 hours/day with most of the children opting to play video games in their playtime whereas the mean playtime of a child was 1.6 hours/day in rural area. This data highlights a relative increase in calorie consumption in urban area with increase in sedentary lifestyle thereby setting a stage for the development of childhood obesity. Hence, we conclude our study re-emphasizing the various determinants of malnutrition and highlighting the changing trend in the nutritional status of children in urban, semi-urban and rural area.

Essay --

Liselle Mason is in trouble four weeks she ignored the changes in her body and tried to forget her recent relationship with Oscar Price., her moody classmate at Buford high but when Lissele’s clothes stop fitting, and her brother notices her growing belly , she panics because she doesn’t know what she is going to do and how she is going to tell her mother that she’s pregnant all she does is hide it for four months and act like nothing is wrong until at lunch one afternoon Liselle got so lightheaded and fainted because she was either dehydrated or didn’t eat . But the problem was she did not because she was to stubborn and shocked to really commit and say that she is pregnant she was rushed to the clinic and the nurse said to her and her mother â€Å"honey? you were hungry you did not eat here? Drink some water and have some crackers† her mother replied saying â€Å" It’s ok honey we are going to get to the bottom of this and find out wh y are you like this or what cause this† Liselle replied saying â€Å"NO mom it’s fine I’m ok seriously I’m just tired and need some sleep I’ll be better in the ...

Tobacco: The Cost-effectiveness of Current Smoke-free Policies Essay

1. Introduction Tobacco use constitutes a global epidemic that results in 5 million deaths each year (World Health Organization, 2008). If current trends in tobacco use continue, the number of tobacco-related deaths is expected to rise to 8 million deaths annually by 2030 – with 80 percent of these deaths taking place in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) (Mathers & Loncar, 2006). Currently, about 10 percent of the world’s smokers live in India (World Health Organization, 2008). The 2009-2010 Global Adult Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative household survey, found that 34.6% of adults over the age of 15 in India currently use tobacco (International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2010). The prevalence of tobacco smoking in Gujarat, India, including those using smokeless as well as smoked tobacco is estimated to be 19.8% among males and 1.5% among females(International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2010). Most smokers in India consume bidis, small cigarettes containing, on average, 25 percent less tobacco than the average cigarette (Jha et al., 2008). Despite the smaller amount of tobacco in bidis, they can produce more nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar than the average manufactured cigarette because of the way smokers puff on them (Mackay J et al., 2006). One recent nationally representative case-control study found t hat about 70% of smoking-related deaths in India take place during productive years of life between 30-69 years of age (Jha et al., 2008). In addition, the study projected that smoking will kill one million people each year starting in 2010 (Jha et al., 2008). Since 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO)'s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) offers a ... ... or sub-national setting. In the past several years, low and middle-income countries have seen an increased number of smoke-free policies (World Health Organization, 2009). However, some of these policies do not meet the FCTC’s recommendations or are poorly enforced at the sub-national level (World Health Organization, 2009). Therefore, it is important to examine the cost-effectiveness of current smoke-free policies to provide decision makers with the evidence needed to strengthen existing policies to meet FCTC requirements. Additionally, given the exceptions in India’s current smoke-free legislation and the high levels of exposure to secondhand smoke found in recent data, there is a particular need for transparent cost-effectiveness analysis of smoke-free legislation in India(International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2010; Trostle et al., 1999).

Erickson’s Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial Development Erik Erikson describes psychosocial development as occurring in stages. He describes the different stages according to personality traits shown at the various stages. I have Interviewed and made my observations of persons at the different stages as follows: Infancy (birth to 18 months) Trust vs†¦ Mistrust A one year old baby was observed during a session of breastfeeding. The baby is hungry and it is time for the mother to breastfeed him.She picks up her son and holds him gently on her lap telling him she is going to give him some milk and etches him on to her breast. The baby immediately calms down and sucks for a few minutes. While the baby Is drinking, the mother looks at her son lovingly and the child fluctuates his attention from the mother to what his happening around him. The above behaviors show the affection and loving relationship between the baby and the mother who Is very patient and gentle towards her son. This renders breastfeeding to be a wonderful experience to both mother and child. According to Erikson, the first stage of trust vs†¦Mistrust is shown in the above observations the baby fully trusts his mother who is caring for him with a lot of love, patience and predictability. This is shown in the fact that he calms down and is comfortable to look around him while he is feeding during the session. Early childhood (2 to areas) Autonomy vs†¦ Shame and Doubt A boy of two and a half years who Is still undergoing toilet training has been observed. The mother asks her son every two hours If he needs to go potty. The child is still inconsistent in his response but sometimes out of his own free will go to the potty and points to it.The mother pulls down the child's pants and gently asks him to it down on the potty. She tells him that he is now growing into a big boy and that she will be very happy if he uses the potty. The boy sits down for a minute on the potty whilst his mother brings his blocks to play with h im while he is sitting down on the potty. After a while the boy gets bored, stands up, runs into the kitchen and picks up a packet of biscuits. The mother explains to her son that as soon as he urinates in the potty she will give him a biscuit.The child insists on eating the biscuits immediately and does not cooperate. The mother looks frustrated since she has been ring to potty train her son for the past few months without success. According to this stage of Erikson, the toddler becomes more mobile and assertive on his Independence. I think that this has been shown In the above observation. The toddler seems to try to please his mother initially by sitting down on the potty. Which he likes at the moment. When his mother refuses to give him a biscuit he protests and wants to have his own way.On the other hand the mother seems to be at a loss on what to do next since she thinks that her son needs to be toilet trained in order to be accepted at his new school. The toddler does not see m certain of what he has to do yet. He still seems to be unprepared to be potty trained though he is showing first signs. He is showing he is bored and insecure when trying to use the potty. That is probably the reason why he went to fetch the biscuit so he will do something he likes instead of something which makes him feel less confident. The mother needs to be more patient and give more encouragement to her son regarding this issue.Introducing stories of other toddlers/cartoon characters being potty trained, and maybe singing some songs might help her son be more motivated, calm ND patient in his training. Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs†¦ Guilt A four year old girl was observed at play in a children's playground whilst her mother looked on. Initially the girl clutches her mother and does not want to go to play with the other children whom she doesn't know. The mother takes her daughter's hand and walks around the playground slowly with her daughter showing her the va rious activities and what fun it is to play with the other children.After sometime the little girl sees a little see-saw in the form of a bright colored snake. She moves towards it ND climbs onto it and starts playing. After sometime she climbs down and runs towards the slide. She climbed up the slide behind the other children and took turns for about ten minutes on the slide enjoying the activity and sometimes looking at her mother for approval. After some time she moves on towards the other activities and starts playing with the other children feeling happy and secure. The mother looks happy that her daughter is mixing with the other children and is enjoying herself.From time to time she encourages and praises her. When the child is told that it is mime to go back home, she does not want to obey and throws a tantrum. The mother starts shouting at the child, the child continues to cry and lies on the ground. The girl seems to be insecure and shy when we arrive at the playground but then seems to gain confidence and starts playing with the other children. She enjoys the activities but still looks at her mother for approval. According to Erikson during this stage children need to find a healthy balance between initiative and guilt.This girl seems to be going through this stage by not wanting to leave her mother on her own and by aging the initiative and going around the playground to have fun and play with the other kids. When it comes to leaving the playground the girl does not accept the fact that she has to go back home and tries to assert herself by throwing the tantrum in order to have her way. In my opinion, the mother should have prepared the girl better and warned her that they only have a few minutes left before going home. Industry vs†¦ Inferiority I interviewed a nine year old boy for this stage.The boy seems to be doing very well at school. He told me that he is one of the best boys in class especially in mathematics. He likes reading and doing his homework. In fact he asks his mother to buy him some workbooks to have work to do during the summer holidays. When asked if there is something he wants to improve on, he mentions that he would like to be better in football and art. He also mentions that he worries that he has not done his work perfectly as his teacher would like him to. He seems to like to please his teachers and be considered to be the ideal student.He also says that he enjoys going to school to play with his friends during break time. Although this boy seems to be doing very well academically, he still seems to feel mom insecurity when it comes to pleasing his superiors. The boy seems to be competent and satisfied with his achievements. He likes learning new things and skills. According to Erikson the child's peer group becomes more important and significant in the child's life at this stage in fact this boy emphasizes the importance of having friends at school and at the football he attends.Adolescence (12 t o 18 years) Identity vs†¦ Role confusion For this stage I have observed and interviewed a 17 year old girl. When asked who she feels she is, she says that she is happy about herself, feels that she is full of Lana and energy and she has a very promising future in front of her. She says she would like to become a teacher and later on have her own family. In my observations she seems to be confident and very sociable with different people. This adolescent seems to be secure and happy as she has the support of her family and friends.She is motivated to continue studying in order to reach her goal of becoming a teacher as well as to make her parents proud of her achievements. She feels self confident as a result of the support she receives from those around her. According to Erikson, urine this stage, children become more independent and begin to look at the future. In fact this is shown by this adolescent during the interview when she talked with enthusiasm about her future plans in terms of career, relationships and families. Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years) Intimacy vs†¦Isolation she is happily married and has two young children though she is kept very busy and hardly has time for herself, she feels very happy and satisfied with her life. She has also been qualified in a profession and she loves her work from which she has taken some time off for the moment to look after her young family. Besides her family, she has also kept contact with some friends and sometimes they call each other to meet. According to Erikson, this stage involves forming relationships and long term commitments with persons who are not family members.This woman seems to have acquired this stage in that she has established her professional career and settled down in her own family with her husband and children. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years) Generatively vs†¦ Stagnation For this stage, I interviewed and observed a 46 year old woman. This woman has a family made up of a hus band and three children. She also has professional lubrications. In the past few years she has changed her career so she would be able to spend more time with her family.She said she feels useful and accomplished in both her family life as well as at work. According to Erikson during middle adulthood we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, and have our own families we also give back to society through raising our children and being productive at work. It seems that this woman has moved on in this regard. Maturity (65 to death) Ego Integrity vs†¦ Despair For this stage I have observed and interviewed a 77 year old man. During the interview, this man seems to enjoy narrating his past experiences and how life was in the past.

Bridge On The River Kwai Essay

For example a characters intention, date of veritable(a)ts, etc? A function in the picture show which was confvictimization was when Nicholson decided to assist the Nipponese in building the nosepiece. He becomes so haunt in building the duad (which he regarded as a sheath of British efficiency and resourcefulness, which testament be remembered for meters to come) t eyelid he fails to identify that he is collaborating with the Nipponese as yet when he was intercommunicate by his experience medical police humanness.He becomes so blinded by this that he, a man of principles and one who follows rules mentioned in the geneva Convention is instinctive to flip up his officers model up for the timely completion of the distich. Saito tells Nicholson that it impart non be necessary to suffer the re-create of the Geneva Convention and walks a tr remnant devising the silence/no-response response turn to for him. referable to the in lay form of communion it is rugg ed to follow if Saito means that Nicholson should non bring the book beca go for he has previously capture aim it and now that it has been brought to his attention he will non cite the British officers do manual(a) of arms abour or that he has fill the book tho will take everywhere make the British officers do manual grate. Making silence speak or else of contrives and the indirect form of communication gives the essence of a reactive refining. a nonher(prenominal) part of the characterisation which was hard to earn was when Nicholson fell on the detonator at the end of the dash.It is unclear if Nicholson had an intention to dis depend upon the noseband or if it was a incorrupt accident. His last lines what suck in I do do clarify his intent scarce collectable to the position that he pissfall on the plunger there was no ample clarification for the same. There is a possibility that due to his love for the link uilt by the British passs he had in force(p ) proceeded to state of wards the plunger to disconnect it, however, dies while doing so and hence falls on it instead. 0 What was the better(p) thing virtually the pic?What was the worst? The best part al closely the consume was the government agency Nicholson stood by his principles and persuaded Saito to not make his officers do manual labour and hence go by the rules mentioned in the Geneva Convention. The astonishing part virtually this was that this was taking place in a POW camp where the negociate provide was laid-backer with Saito than Nichonson. Nicholsonss escapeership abilities do his officers not give in to Saito and depress anual move, and hence continued to be penalise in the oven.His leadership abilities ar envisioned well when the British medical officer comes to undertake him at the oven, Nicholson was to a greater extent than bushel al well-nigh his officers than approximately himself even by and by he was deprived of food and water for le gion(predicate) days. His pride and patriotic qualities tacilitate him to point of view by his word against Saito even atter forcible and randy harm is being inflicted on him during the period of negotiation. On the other surpass I go through that 2 Saito underestimated his BATNA (Best alternating(a) to a negotiated agreement).I expression hat during the time of positional bargaining with Nicholson, finally carving under pres accepted and allow him out of the oven, Saito should obligate utilize his own soldiers for the bridgework (till such time Nicholson was persuaded to make his men lop) and created to a greater extent discipline and coaction among the workers for the timely completion of the bridge. I feel that there was little room for principled negotiation as Nicholson was not unbidden to do so. The worse part of the ikon was the demote of the bridge in the end.A bridge which was the cause of various negotiations in the midst of Saito and Nicholson, in the pr ocess esulted in numerous threats, blackmail and infliction of tangible and emotional harm from Saito to Nicholson and consequentially got Nicholson himself killed. By the collapse of the bridge all that seemed to be a waste. 0 What did you find to be the most interesting or strike particle of the film? why? The most surprising element of the film is the fact when Nicholson decides to take over the state to construct the bridge subsequently having won the negotiation against Saito and having no obligation towards doing so.He becomes so obsessed in building the bridge (which he regarded as a symbol of British efficiency and resourcefulness, which will be remembered for times to come) that he fails to identify that he is collaborating with the Japanese even when he was informed by his own medical officer. He defends himself in front of the officer by express that he is acquiring the bridge make efficiently as he wants tribe who use to bridge in the upcoming to remember how it was built and who built it. He also adds that by works on the bridge together his men will feel like British soldiers sort of than Japanese prisoners.The bridge was Nicholsons booty and was not an instrument to keep the British soldiers together. He becomes so blinded by this that he, a man of principles and one who follows rules mentioned in the Geneva Convention is willing to make his officers work for the timely completion of the bridge. He forgot nigh the war and his loyalties and runnered to aid in the improvement of the bridge rather than working in accordance with the instructions provided by the Japanese. It was this perceived duty that lead to his dusk ultimately.This was due to the fact that if he was not that keen of building a healthy bridge, he would not be brace reacted the way he did once he place the explosives and could have prevented the unnecessary loss f lives towards the end including his own. 3 0 What is the moving-picture show trying to tell sweethea rts? The image glorifies the western civilization, especially that of the British. On the other hand it portrays the east Oapanese) to be puny and still learning. 0 How does it go more or less conveying this message? In the starting Saito and Nicholson did not get on well.Nicholson insisted that his officers were not to do manual labour as per the rules stated in the Geneva Convention, however, Saito was more bothered about getting the bridge ready on time. When the numerous attempts Saito do to persuade the stubborn Nicholson ailed he move a friendly approach by offering the starved Nicholson with Beef give and Whiskey and by telling him that the cured officers including him do not have to manual labour. Saito had to ultimately carve and wilt towards the blotto armed Nicholson even though Nicholson was in his POW camp.This was make using the day of remembrance of Japans victory in the Russo-Japanese war in locate to hold view. The concept of saving face is due to the impact of collectivism. This concept of saving face suggests that Saito is from a country with a high school long term orientation major spring (L TO) finish. Not only this, once Nicholson took up the responsibility of the bridge and implemented British designs, oversight and ingenuity to it, he cease up making a more technically sound and competent bridge than the Japanese could have otherwise built. What ethnic issues do you see? How are these depicted? o Individualist, Power distance and hierarchy, talk styles, role of gender, etc? In the initial part of the photographic film the Ameri send word soldier bribes the Japanese captain to assist him in getting hospitalized. The Japanese soldier does not use the word No. He indirectly tries to xpress his reluctance to hospitalize the Ameri backside. When the Ameri throw out insists using the usual American loud and tiresome attitude, the solder uses silence for the same and walks out billet after moving his head from side to side.This indirect and non-verbal form of communication indicates that the Japanese is from a collectivized, low IDV and a high context of use culture. The American soldier treasured to be hospitalized as he was self-centered. This along with the fact that he ran away shows that he was individualistic and did not wish about anyone else. It can therefore be perceived that e has a high inner locus of control, signifying that he is in direct of his own intent and that what happens to him is a government issue of his own actions and hence indicates that he is from a high IDV and a low context culture. 4 A more participative hierarchy is portrayed by the British soldiers.This can be seen when the British officers and their Colonel meet and have a debate on the issuing of escape from the camp. One of the officers directly disagreed with Nicholson when he advised the officers not to escape from the camp. The officer argued that staying in the camp is a sure way of getting kill ed. This shows the impact of an individualistic ulture as in a collectivist culture disagreement is usually make indirectly or very discreetly. The British (westerners) usually like to near the word No in order tor the core to be conveyed in effect they do not understand indirect negative responses.This large-hearted of participative nature and direct denial from an officer to the colonels advice signifies a low precedent distance index (PDI) as designer seems to be shared and well dispersed. This direct approach can also be seen in Nicholson when Saito tells him at the beginning of the plastic film that he will order his officers to work and he directly replies saying No. The local woman are feeling up to the men and taking care of them in the scene where the American is travel the POW camp to destroy the bridge. It seems as if the women expect the men to be tough, bumptious and be the provider.This shows that the local community is a high Masculinity index (MAS) culture. power structure has been shown in many instances during the film. As farthermost as the Japanese were concern, the Japanese soldier taking his cap off and deflected (In Japan there are rules for the Japanese equivalent of the Western handshake for who to bow, how much(prenominal) they should bow and hence are uncorrectable to master) to Saito at the beginning of he film, pitch him a plan to stand on as he was short and so that plurality look up to him and honour him, were some instances showing hierarchy amongst the Japanese. overly the man responsible for fanning the Saito does not speak due to respect and even if it is fall the soldier still stands outside the exposit as they are lower polish in the hierarchy. 0 Did you like the film? Why or why not? Yes, I liked the film. The film did not have a accountability or wrong due to which it follows a preposterous and realistic approach based on individuals. Like more war films it is uncomplete for nor against the war. By the end of the pic the viewer is less interested in the fact that who wins the war than about how the individuals will behave. 0 What adjective would you use to describe your reply to the film? Why did you react this way? As rightly described by Clipton at the end of the film, the adjective that can be utilise to describe my reply of the film is folly. Every individual in the film is inclined towards their own duty, order and chaos that they lose what really matters and what is most important. Emotions and orders have taken over the right or sane thing to do. The characters have hence led the situation to go out of hand. 0 In what ship canal can you identify with the movie, its characters and its message?The movie is more about the events surrounding the war rather than the battles and the fighting. These events have turned mortality, notion and sound conceit around and have eventually lead to madness. There are various examples of this so called madness in the movie the mad ness of Nicholson who says that working with the foeman is not spillage against ones country, the madness ot the American who accepts to return to a camp on a suicide mission where he escaped, nearly getting killed and he madness of a press the obliged men to make acrid decisions. Based on your knowledge of negotiations what do you theorise was going on? o What kind of bemire tricks were being utilize? Give 3 examples. Initially Saito apply a forceful approach in negotiating with the Nicholson. Saito caused emotional (By cutting food give and taking people from the hospital to work) and physical (When Saito slapped Nicholson and put him in the oven) means in order to persuade the soldiers to commence work on the bridge. Saito underestimated his BATNA (Best alternative to a negotiated agreement).I feel that during the time of positional bargaining with Nicholson, ultimately carving under stuff and letting them out of the oven, Saito should have used his own soldiers for th e bridge (Till such time Nicholson was persuaded to make his men work) and created discipline and collaboration among the workers for the timely completion of the bridge. I feel that there was little room for principled negotiation as Nicholson was not willing to do so. One of the dirty tricks used by Saito was that of threat when he warned Nicholson that if he does not order his troops to start work on the bridge he will be shot.Another dirty trick used by Saito in the initial part of the movie was that of Chinese water torture, signifying that he unbroken repeating his demands without bothering much about what Nicholson has to say. 6 The third dirty trick in the movie was when Saito asked the British soldier to meet with Nicholson for 5 minutes and tell him that if he doesnt order his officers to start work he will make the people in the hospital work. This was a coarse on Saitos part, even after hearing this Nicholson never changed his decision and the soldiers at the hospital were never made to work. What set are portrayed? independency, cooperation, hierarchy, power, etc? The value that are portrayed in the movie are Independence, hierarchy, bravery, power, pride, patriotism, collaboration, leadership and commitment to duty. 0 How were these values portrayed? o Give examples of the type of behaviour that you base your answer upon Independence was shown when the American played on his life in order to escape from the Japanese camp in order to be free.Hierarchy can be seen by the Japanese soldiers to Saito when they remove their cap and bow to him, when they get him a raised platform during the time of his speech, y the guard to Saitos house has to stand outside even though it is raining and by the man responsible for fanning not speaking in the entire movie. These major differences in hierarchy and the soldiers accepting an unequal distribution of power indicates a high power distance index (PDI). Bravery has been shown by Nicholson when he did not give in even though Saito threaten ed him witn a gun hidden in the truck. quislingism was shown by the soldiers once the bridge was the responsibility of Nicholson. This was not present when Saito is in charge of the bridge as stated by he British engineer when he was questioned by Nicholson what he would have done differently if this was his bridge. Because of the task-oriented approach of Nicholson and he proviso ahead timbre by step which can be seen when he says this is the end of the agenda while meeting with Saito for interchange of the proposal for the new bridge, the soldiers were able to effectively collaborate.This suggests that Nicholson is from a linear Active Culture. insolence and patriotism can be seen when the British officers were marching in group and whistling. 7 Leadership was portrayed by Nicholson when the British soldier brought him food in he oven. Nicholson had not seen sun light for days, was clean and deprived of food and water but even then he was more c oncern about his officers than about himself. committal to duty was shown by Nicholson when he took over the responsibility of the bridge.He made the best and most efficient bridge possible, forgetting about the war and his loyalties. 0 Was there anything about the movie (sights, sounds, smells, colors, background scenes) that told you something about the culture that you were dealing with? What did you learn? The type of culture seemed to be a collectivist one. This can be seen rom the behavior of the beau monde when the American escapes and reaches a village. 0 What does the movie tell you about the culture of the producers of the film?What about the film gives you this indication? The movie portrays glorification of western civilization in terms of perseverance and inventiveness, specifically the British. This indicates that the producer is from the British culture. Nicholson was able to circumvent Japanese commands due to his Engineers having the ability to construct a more t echnically sound bridge than the Japanese Engineers. 0 How do you think other interviews would react to this film? Why?I feel that other audience would feel that the film is more about the events surrounding the war rather than the battles and the fighting. These events have turned mortality, judgment and sound thought around and have eventually lead to madness. There are various examples of this so called madness in the movie the madness of Nicholson who says that working with the enemy is not going against ones country, the madness ot the American who accepts to return to a camp where ne escaped, nearly getting killed and the madness of a struggle the obliged men to make harsh decisions.